An Update on Biochemical and Genomic Markers for Prostate Cancer Biochemical and Genomic Markers for Prostate Cancer
Urology Journal,
,
23 February 2021
,
Page 6828
https://doi.org/10.22037/uj.v18i.6828
Abstract
Purpose: Detecting prostate cancer, developing therapeutic plans after negative biopsies, and prognosis-based patient counseling can be challenging for many urologists dealing with prostate cancer-specific antigens. New Biomarkers advances made improvement for prediction of responses to therapeutic option and can tell us about survival and recurrence. In this review, we have assessed current and upcoming biomarkers that are opening a new era in diagnosing the disease.Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review of studies describing prostate cancer biomarkers. Two independent investigators searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Databases to identify biomarkers in prostate cancer conducted a literature review.
Results: Recently, combining prostate cancer-specific biomarkers into a single test has gained increasing attention, especially since the introduction of genomic and molecular tools. The development of the Prostate Health Index (PHI), SelectMDx, and Confirm MDx have shown promising results for prostate cancer detection, in addition to risk stratification and biopsy avoidance. Conclusion: Despite major improvements and innovations in prostate cancer biomarkers, application in current clinical practice is limited. However, these biomarkers have an important role in determining risk, preventing unnecessary prostate biopsies, and predicting prognoses. Additional confirmatory studies will be needed to fully understand the impact of prostate cancer-specific biomarkers.
Keywords:
- Prostate cancer, Biomarkers, Genetic test, diagnosis, prognosis
How to Cite
Falahatkar, R. ., Mokhtari, G., Momeni-Moghaddam , M., Teimoori, M., Baghani Aal , H., Akhavan, A. ., Falahatkar, S., & Esmaeili, S. (2021). An Update on Biochemical and Genomic Markers for Prostate Cancer: Biochemical and Genomic Markers for Prostate Cancer. Urology Journal, 18, 6828. https://doi.org/10.22037/uj.v18i.6828
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11) Ceci F, Castellucci P, Cerci JJ, Fanti S (2017) New aspects of molecular imaging in prostate cancer. Methods 130:36-41. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.009
12) Muthumani K, Marnin L, Kudchodkar SB, Perales-Puchalt A, Choi H, Agarwal S, Scott VL, Reuschel EL, Zaidi FI, Duperret EK, Wise MC, Kraynyak KA, Ugen KE, Sardesai NY, Joseph Kim J, Weiner DB (2017) Novel prostate cancer immunotherapy with a DNA-encoded anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen monoclonal antibody. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 66 (12):1577-1588. doi:10.1007/s00262-017-2042-7
13) Zheng K, Dou Y, He L, Li H, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Ye A, Liu W, Kong L (2015) Improved sensitivity and specificity for prostate cancer diagnosis based on the urine PCA3/PSA ratio acquired by sequencespecific RNA capture. Oncology reports 34 (5):2439-2444. doi:10.3892/or.2015.4266
14) Ferro M, Buonerba C, Terracciano D, Lucarelli G, Cosimato V, Bottero D, Deliu VM, Ditonno P, Perdona S, Autorino R, Coman I, De Placido S, Di Lorenzo G, De Cobelli O (2016) Biomarkers in localized prostate cancer. Future Oncol 12 (3):399-411. doi:10.2217/fon.15.318
15) Cui Y, Cao W, Li Q, Shen H, Liu C, Deng J, Xu J, Shao Q (2016) Evaluation of prostate cancer antigen 3 for detecting prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports 6:25776. doi:10.1038/srep25776
16) Hegde JV, Veruttipong D, Said JW, Reiter RE, Steinberg ML, King CR, Kishan AU (2017) Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 Score Does Not Predict for Adverse Pathologic Features at Radical Prostatectomy or for Progression-free Survival in Clinically Localized, Intermediate- and High-risk Prostate Cancer. Urology 107:171-177. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2017.05.028
17) Sedarsky J, Degon M, Srivastava S, Dobi A (2017) Ethnicity and ERG frequency in prostate cancer. Nature reviews Urology. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2017.140
18) Adamo P, Ladomery MR (2016) The oncogene ERG: a key factor in prostate cancer. Oncogene 35 (4):403-414. doi:10.1038/onc.2015.109
19) Zhou CK, Young D, Yeboah ED, Coburn SB, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Tay E, Niwa S, Truelove A, Welsh J, Mensah JE, Hoover RN, Sesterhenn IA, Hsing AW, Srivastava S, Cook MB (2017) TMPRSS2:ERG Gene Fusions in Prostate Cancer of West African Men and a Meta-Analysis of Racial Differences. American journal of epidemiology 186 (12):1352-1361. doi:10.1093/aje/kwx235
20) Pan J, Ding M, Xu K, Yang C, Mao LJ (2017) Exosomes in diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 8 (57):97693-97700. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18532
21) Dijkstra S, Birker IL, Smit FP, Leyten GH, de Reijke TM, van Oort IM, Mulders PF, Jannink SA, Schalken JA (2014) Prostate cancer biomarker profiles in urinary sediments and exosomes. The Journal of urology 191 (4):1132-1138. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.11.001
22) Donovan MJ, Noerholm M, Bentink S, Belzer S, Skog J, O'Neill V, Cochran JS, Brown GA (2015) A molecular signature of PCA3 and ERG exosomal RNA from non-DRE urine is predictive of initial prostate biopsy result. Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases 18 (4):370-375. doi:10.1038/pcan.2015.40
23) McKiernan J, Donovan MJ, O'Neill V, Bentink S, Noerholm M, Belzer S, Skog J, Kattan MW, Partin A, Andriole G, Brown G, Wei JT, Thompson IM, Jr., Carroll P (2016) A Novel Urine Exosome Gene Expression Assay to Predict High-grade Prostate Cancer at Initial Biopsy. JAMA oncology 2 (7):882-889. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.0097
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