Novelty in Biomedicine

de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, Gao X, Foye PE, Danielson PE, et al. The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998;95(1):322-7.

Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H, et al. Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell. 1998;92(4):573-85.

Ammoun S, Holmqvist T, Shariatmadari R, Oonk HB, Detheux M, Parmentier M, et al. Distinct recognition of OX1 and OX2 receptors by orexin peptides. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2003;305(2):507-14.

Wang C, Wang Q, Ji B, Pan Y, Xu C, Cheng B, et al. The Orexin/Receptor System: Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential for Neurological Diseases. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience. 2018;11:220.

Marcus JN, Aschkenasi CJ, Lee CE, Chemelli RM, Saper CB, Yanagisawa M, et al. Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain. The Journal of comparative neurology. 2001;435(1):6-25.

Moore RY, Abrahamson EA, Van Den Pol A. The hypocretin neuron system: an arousal system in the human brain. Archives italiennes de biologie. 2001;139(3):195-205.

Nakabayashi M, Suzuki T, Takahashi K, Totsune K, Muramatsu Y, Kaneko C, et al. Orexin-A expression in human peripheral tissues. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2003;205(1-2):43-50.

Hosseini A, Khazali H. Central Orexin A Affects Reproductive Axis by Modulation of Hypothalamic Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin Secreting Neurons in the Male Wistar Rats. Neuromolecular medicine. 2018;20(4):525-36.

Khazali H, editor Effect of orexin infusion into third ventricle on the GnRH and LH secretions in the prepubertal rat fed restricted diet. Society for Endocrinology BES 2009; 2009: BioScientifica.

Rodgers RJ, Ishii Y, Halford JC, Blundell JE. Orexins and appetite regulation. Neuropeptides. 2002;36(5):303-25.

de Lecea L, Huerta R. Hypocretin (orexin) regulation of sleep-to-wake transitions. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:16.

Stoyanova, II, Rutten WL, le Feber J. Orexin-A and orexin-B during the postnatal development of the rat brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2010;30(1):81-9.

Calva CB, Fayyaz H, Fadel JR. Effects of Intranasal Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) Administration on Neuronal Activation, Neurochemistry, and Attention in Aged Rats. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:362.

Gonzalez JA, Jensen LT, Iordanidou P, Strom M, Fugger L, Burdakov D. Inhibitory Interplay between Orexin Neurons and Eating. Curr Biol. 2016;26(18):2486-91.

Couvineau A, Voisin T, Nicole P, Gratio V, Abad C, Tan YV. Orexins as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2019;10:709.

Graybill NL, Weissig V. A review of orexin's unprecedented potential as a novel, highly-specific treatment for various localized and metastatic cancers. SAGE Open Med. 2017;5:2050312117735774.

Yilmaz E, Celik O, Celik N, Celik E, Turkcuoglu I, Simsek Y, et al. Maternal and fetal serum orexin-A levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2013;39(1):139-45.

Butterick TA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Nixon JP. Orexin: pathways to obesity resistance? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2013;14(4):357-64.

Li A, Nattie E. Orexin, cardio-respiratory function, and hypertension. Front Neurosci. 2014;8:22.

Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281-6.

Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):157-60.

Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. 2020;508:254-66.

Jiang C, Yao X, Zhao Y, Wu J, Huang P, Pan C, et al. Comparative review of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses during epidemic season. Microbes Infect. 2020;22(6-7):236-44.

Tesoriero C, Codita A, Zhang MD, Cherninsky A, Karlsson H, Grassi-Zucconi G, et al. H1N1 influenza virus induces narcolepsy-like sleep disruption and targets sleep-wake regulatory neurons in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016;113(3):E368-77.

Li J, Hu Z, de Lecea L. The hypocretins/orexins: integrators of multiple physiological functions. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(2):332-50.

Assisi L, Pelagalli A, Squillacioti C, Liguori G, Annunziata C, Mirabella N. Orexin A-Mediated Modulation of Reproductive Activities in Testis of Normal and Cryptorchid Dogs: Possible Model for Studying Relationships Between Energy Metabolism and Reproductive Control. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2019;10:816.

Liguori G, Squillacioti C, Assisi L, Pelagalli A, Vittoria A, Costagliola A, et al. Potential role of orexin A binding the receptor 1 for orexins in normal and cryptorchid dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):55.

Assisi L, Tafuri S, Liguori G, Paino S, Pavone LM, Staiano N, et al. Expression and role of receptor 1 for orexins in seminiferous tubules of rat testis. Cell Tissue Res. 2012;348(3):601-7.

Barreiro ML, Pineda R, Navarro VM, Lopez M, Suominen JS, Pinilla L, et al. Orexin 1 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression and stimulation of testosterone secretion by orexin-A in rat testis. Endocrinology. 2004;145(5):2297-306.

Liguori G, Assisi L, Squillacioti C, Paino S, Mirabella N, Vittoria A. Presence, distribution and steroidogenic effect of the peptides orexin A and receptor 1 for orexins in the testis of the South American camelid alpaca (Vicugna pacos). General and comparative endocrinology. 2012;179(1):137-42.

Zheng D, Zhao Y, Shen Y, Chang X, Ju S, Guo L. Orexin A-mediated stimulation of 3beta-HSD expression and testosterone production through MAPK signaling pathways in primary rat Leydig cells. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(3):285-92.

Salimi M, Alishah Z, Khazali H, Mahmoudi F. Orexin Decreases Aromatase Gene Expression in The Hypothalamus of Androgenized Female Rats. Int J Fertil Steril. 2016;10(2):190-5.

Hefshejanni JA, Khazali H. Role of RF-amid Related Peptide-3 (RFRP-3) in Inhibitory Effect of Orexin A on Reproductive Function in the Animal Model of Male Wistar Rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019;127(10):697-705.

Kaminski T, Smolinska N, Kiezun M, Dobrzyn K, Szeszko K, Maleszka A. Effect of orexin B on CYP17A1 and CYP19A3 expression and oestradiol, oestrone and testosterone secretion in the porcine uterus during early pregnancy and the oestrous cycle. Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience. 2018;12(9):1921-32.

Ghazizadeh Z, Majd H, Richter M, Samuel R, Zekavat SM, Asgharian H, et al. Androgen Regulates SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Levels and Is Associated with Severe COVID-19 Symptoms in Men. bioRxiv. 2020.

Ianhez M, Ramos PM, Goren A, Miot HA. Androgen sensitivity in COVID-19 and antiandrogens: prospective data are still needed. Dermatol Ther. 2020:e14166.

Montopoli M, Zumerle S, Vettor R, Rugge M, Zorzi M, Catapano CV, et al. Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: a population-based study (N = 4532). Ann Oncol. 2020;31(8):1040-5.

Bahmad HF, Abou-Kheir W. Crosstalk between COVID-19 and prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2020.

Wambier CG, Vano-Galvan S, McCoy J, Gomez-Zubiaur A, Herrera S, Hermosa-Gelbard A, et al. Androgenetic alopecia present in the majority of patients hospitalized with COVID-19: The "Gabrin sign". J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(2):680-2.

McCoy J, Wambier CG, Vano-Galvan S, Shapiro J, Sinclair R, Ramos PM, et al. Racial variations in COVID-19 deaths may be due to androgen receptor genetic variants associated with prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia. Are anti-androgens a potential treatment for COVID-19? J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(7):1542-3.

Sabharwal N, Sharifi N. HSD3B1 Genotypes Conferring Adrenal-Restrictive and Adrenal-Permissive Phenotypes in Prostate Cancer and Beyond. Endocrinology. 2019;160(9):2180-8.

Papadopoulos V, Li L, Samplaski M. Why does COVID-19 kill more elderly men than women? Is there a role for testosterone? Andrology. 2020.

Giagulli VA, Guastamacchia E, Magrone T, Jirillo E, Lisco G, De Pergola G, et al. Worse progression of COVID-19 in men: Is testosterone a key factor? Andrology. 2020.

Goren A, Vano-Galvan S, Wambier CG, McCoy J, Gomez-Zubiaur A, Moreno-Arrones OM, et al. A preliminary observation: Male pattern hair loss among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain - A potential clue to the role of androgens in COVID-19 severity. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(7):1545-7.

Chen Z, Song X, Li Q, Xie L, Guo T, Su T, et al. Androgen Receptor-Activated Enhancers Simultaneously Regulate Oncogene TMPRSS2 and lncRNA PRCAT38 in Prostate Cancer. Cells. 2019;8(8).

Clinckemalie L, Spans L, Dubois V, Laurent M, Helsen C, Joniau S, et al. Androgen regulation of the TMPRSS2 gene and the effect of a SNP in an androgen response element. Mol Endocrinol. 2013;27(12):2028-40.

Wambier CG, Goren A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is likely to be androgen mediated. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):308-9.

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-80 e8.

Wambier CG, Goren A, Vano-Galvan S, Ramos PM, Ossimetha A, Nau G, et al. Androgen sensitivity gateway to COVID-19 disease severity. Drug Dev Res. 2020.

Gagliardi MC, Tieri P, Ortona E, Ruggieri A. ACE2 expression and sex disparity in COVID-19. Cell Death Discov. 2020;6:37.

Majdic G. Could Sex/Gender Differences in ACE2 Expression in the Lungs Contribute to the Large Gender Disparity in the Morbidity and Mortality of Patients Infected With the SARS-CoV-2 Virus? Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:327.

Gubbels Bupp MR, Jorgensen TN. Androgen-Induced Immunosuppression. Front Immunol. 2018;9:794.

Trigunaite A, Dimo J, Jorgensen TN. Suppressive effects of androgens on the immune system. Cell Immunol. 2015;294(2):87-94.

Huber MJ, Chen QH, Shan Z. The Orexin System and Hypertension. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2018;38(2):385-91.

Sieminski M, Szypenbejl J, Partinen E. Orexins, Sleep, and Blood Pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(9):79.

Lippi G, Wong J, Henry BM. Hypertension in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analysis. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2020;130(4):304-9.

Zuin M, Rigatelli G, Zuliani G, Rigatelli A, Mazza A, Roncon L. Arterial hypertension and risk of death in patients with COVID-19 infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81(1):e84-e6.

Kotfis K, Williams Roberson S, Wilson JE, Dabrowski W, Pun BT, Ely EW. COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):176.

Garcez FB, Aliberti MJR, Poco PCE, Hiratsuka M, de Fatima Takahashi S, Coelho VA, et al. Delirium and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020.

Nakashima H, Umegaki H, Yanagawa M, Komiya H, Watanabe K, Kuzuya M. Plasma orexin-A levels in patients with delirium. Psychogeriatrics. 2019;19(6):628-30.

Hanazawa T, Kamijo Y. Effect of Suvorexant on Nocturnal Delirium in Elderly Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Case-series Study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2019;17(4):547-50.

Xu S, Cui Y, Shen J, Wang P. Suvorexant for the prevention of delirium: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(30):e21043.

Bhaskar S, Sinha A, Banach M, Mittoo S, Weissert R, Kass JS, et al. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19-Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1648.

Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, et al. How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality. Inflamm Regen. 2020;40:37.

Ogawa Y, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Murakoshi N, Kiyama M, Ishikawa Y, Hosokawa N, et al. Peripherally administered orexin improves survival of mice with endotoxin shock. Elife. 2016;5.

Messal N, Fernandez N, Dayot S, Gratio V, Nicole P, Prochasson C, et al. Ectopic expression of OX1R in ulcerative colitis mediates anti-inflammatory effect of orexin-A. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2018;1864(11):3618-28.

Duffy CM, Yuan C, Wisdorf LE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Nixon JP, et al. Role of orexin A signaling in dietary palmitic acid-activated microglial cells. Neuroscience letters. 2015;606:140-4.

Kitamura E, Hamada J, Kanazawa N, Yonekura J, Masuda R, Sakai F, et al. The effect of orexin-A on the pathological mechanism in the rat focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience research. 2010;68(2):154-7.

Gascuel J, Lemoine A, Rigault C, Datiche F, Benani A, Penicaud L, et al. Hypothalamus-olfactory system crosstalk: orexin a immunostaining in mice. Front Neuroanat. 2012;6:44.

Caillol M, Aioun J, Baly C, Persuy MA, Salesse R. Localization of orexins and their receptors in the rat olfactory system: possible modulation of olfactory perception by a neuropeptide synthetized centrally or locally. Brain research. 2003;960(1-2):48-61.

Baier PC, Weinhold SL, Huth V, Gottwald B, Ferstl R, Hinze-Selch D. Olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy is restored by intranasal Orexin A (Hypocretin-1). Brain. 2008;131(Pt 10):2734-41.

Chung TW, Sridhar S, Zhang AJ, Chan KH, Li HL, Wong FK, et al. Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: Observational Cohort Study and Systematic Review. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(6):ofaa199.

Otte MS, Klussmann JP, Luers JC. Persisting olfactory dysfunction in patients after recovering from COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;81(3):e58.

Preti A. Orexins (hypocretins): their role in appetite and arousal. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002;3(8):1199-206.

Su S, Shen J, Zhu L, Qiu Y, He JS, Tan JY, et al. Involvement of digestive system in COVID-19: manifestations, pathology, management and challenges. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020;13:1756284820934626.

Luo S, Zhang X, Xu H. Don't Overlook Digestive Symptoms in Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(7):1636-7.

Risco S, Mediavilla C. Orexin-1 receptor antagonist in central nucleus of the amygdala attenuates the acquisition of flavor-taste preference in rats. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2014;126:7-12.

Mediavilla C, Cabello V, Risco S. SB-334867-A, a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist, enhances taste aversion learning and blocks taste preference learning in rats. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2011;98(3):385-91.

Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R. Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(8):1621-31.

Mullol J, Alobid I, Marino-Sanchez F, Izquierdo-Dominguez A, Marin C, Klimek L, et al. The Loss of Smell and Taste in the COVID-19 Outbreak: a Tale of Many Countries. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020;20(10):61.

Montesano A, Baumgart M, Avallone L, Castaldo L, Lucini C, Tozzini ET, et al. Age-related central regulation of orexin and NPY in the short-lived African killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. The Journal of comparative neurology. 2019;527(9):1508-26.

Matsumura T, Nakayama M, Nomura A, Naito A, Kamahara K, Kadono K, et al. Age-related changes in plasma orexin-A concentrations. Exp Gerontol. 2002;37(8-9):1127-30.

Zink AN, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM. The orexin neuropeptide system: physical activity and hypothalamic function throughout the aging process. Front Syst Neurosci. 2014;8:211.

Fronczek R, Overeem S, Lee SY, Hegeman IM, van Pelt J, van Duinen SG, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) loss in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 6):1577-85.

Kessler BA, Stanley EM, Frederick-Duus D, Fadel J. Age-related loss of orexin/hypocretin neurons. Neuroscience. 2011;178:82-8.

Sawai N, Ueta Y, Nakazato M, Ozawa H. Developmental and aging change of orexin-A and -B immunoreactive neurons in the male rat hypothalamus. Neuroscience letters. 2010;468(1):51-5.

Hunt NJ, Rodriguez ML, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Changes in orexin (hypocretin) neuronal expression with normal aging in the human hypothalamus. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36(1):292-300.

Ran M, Wang Z, Yang H, Zhang L, Li W, Yang Q, et al. Orexin-1 receptor is involved in ageing-related delayed emergence from general anaesthesia in rats. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121(5):1097-104.

Stanojlovic M, Pallais Yllescas JP, Jr., Mavanji V, Kotz C. Chemogenetic activation of orexin/hypocretin neurons ameliorates aging-induced changes in behavior and energy expenditure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2019;316(5):R571-R83.

Perrotta F, Corbi G, Mazzeo G, Boccia M, Aronne L, D'Agnano V, et al. COVID-19 and the elderly: insights into pathogenesis and clinical decision-making. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(8):1599-608.

Nanda A, Vura N, Gravenstein S. COVID-19 in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(7):1199-202.

Suo L, Chang X, Zhao Y. The Orexin-A-Regulated Akt/mTOR Pathway Promotes Cell Proliferation Through Inhibiting Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2018;9:647.

Wen J, Zhao Y, Shen Y, Guo L. Effect of orexin A on apoptosis in BGC-823 gastric cancer cells via OX1R through the AKT signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2015;11(5):3439-44.

Rouet-Benzineb P, Rouyer-Fessard C, Jarry A, Avondo V, Pouzet C, Yanagisawa M, et al. Orexins acting at native OX(1) receptor in colon cancer and neuroblastoma cells or at recombinant OX(1) receptor suppress cell growth by inducing apoptosis. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2004;279(44):45875-86.

Valiante S, Liguori G, Tafuri S, Pavone LM, Campese R, Monaco R, et al. Expression and potential role of the peptide orexin-A in prostate cancer. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2015;464(4):1290-6.

Alexandre D, Hautot C, Mehio M, Jeandel L, Courel M, Voisin T, et al. The orexin type 1 receptor is overexpressed in advanced prostate cancer with a neuroendocrine differentiation, and mediates apoptosis. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50(12):2126-33.

Laburthe M, Voisin T. The orexin receptor OX(1)R in colon cancer: a promising therapeutic target and a new paradigm in G protein-coupled receptor signalling through ITIMs. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;165(6):1678-87.

Curigliano G. Cancer Patients and Risk of Mortality for COVID-19. Cancer Cell. 2020;38(2):161-3.

ElGohary GM, Hashmi S, Styczynski J, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Alblooshi RM, de la Camara R, et al. The risk and prognosis of COVID-19 infection in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2020.

De la Herran-Arita AK, Guerra-Crespo M, Drucker-Colin R. Narcolepsy and orexins: an example of progress in sleep research. Front Neurol. 2011;2:26.

Mahoney CE, Cogswell A, Koralnik IJ, Scammell TE. The neurobiological basis of narcolepsy. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20(2):83-93.

Mignot E, Black S. Narcolepsy risk and COVID-19. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020.

Fernandez FX, Flygare J, Grandner MA. Narcolepsy and COVID-19: sleeping on an opportunity? J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(8):1415.

Zarifkar M, Noshad S, Shahriari M, Afarideh M, Khajeh E, Karimi Z, et al. Inverse Association of Peripheral Orexin-A with Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Rev Diabet Stud. 2017;14(2-3):301-10.

Tsuneki H, Tokai E, Nakamura Y, Takahashi K, Fujita M, Asaoka T, et al. Hypothalamic orexin prevents hepatic insulin resistance via daily bidirectional regulation of autonomic nervous system in mice. Diabetes. 2015;64(2):459-70.

Pugliese G, Vitale M, Resi V, Orsi E. Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19)? Acta Diabetol. 2020.

Abdi A, Jalilian M, Sarbarzeh PA, Vlaisavljevic Z. Diabetes and COVID-19: A systematic review on the current evidences. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108347.

Adam JA, Menheere PP, van Dielen FM, Soeters PB, Buurman WA, Greve JW. Decreased plasma orexin-A levels in obese individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(2):274-6.

Digby JE, Chen J, Tang JY, Lehnert H, Matthews RN, Randeva HS. Orexin receptor expression in human adipose tissue: effects of orexin-A and orexin-B. The Journal of endocrinology. 2006;191(1):129-36.

Perez-Leighton CE, Boland K, Teske JA, Billington C, Kotz CM. Behavioral responses to orexin, orexin receptor gene expression, and spontaneous physical activity contribute to individual sensitivity to obesity. American journal of physiology Endocrinology and metabolism. 2012;303(7):E865-74.

Hara J, Beuckmann CT, Nambu T, Willie JT, Chemelli RM, Sinton CM, et al. Genetic ablation of orexin neurons in mice results in narcolepsy, hypophagia, and obesity. Neuron. 2001;30(2):345-54.

Novak CM, Levine JA. Daily intraparaventricular orexin-A treatment induces weight loss in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(8):1493-8.

Hara J, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T. Difference in obesity phenotype between orexin-knockout mice and orexin neuron-deficient mice with same genetic background and environmental conditions. Neuroscience letters. 2005;380(3):239-42.

Hussain A, Mahawar K, Xia Z, Yang W, El-Hasani S. Obesity and mortality of COVID-19. Meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2020;14(4):295-300.

Caussy C, Wallet F, Laville M, Disse E. Obesity is Associated with Severe Forms of COVID-19. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(7):1175.