The effect of low-calorie diet on cardiometabolic risk factors in normal and overweight patients with type 2 Diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Researcher Bulletin of Medical Sciences,
Vol. 29 No. 1 (2024),
4 January 2025
,
Page e15
Abstract
Objective: Weight loss is a basic strategy for the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Some studies have suggested that calorie restriction has beneficial effects in the management of diabetes symptoms. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effects of a low-calorie diet (LCD) on cardio-metabolic risk factors, body composition, and liver enzymes in normal and overweight patients with T2DM.
Materials and Methods: 120 eligible patients (49 female and 71 male) were randomly assigned to one of the four following groups: low caloric (LCD with -500 kcal lower than need) and isocaloric (control) diets for 12 weeks for normal and overweight T2DM patients. Glycemic and lipid profiles, liver enzymes and body composition were assessed before and after the intervention.
Results: 104 patients completed the study. LCD groups presented significant decrease in anthropometric measurements compared to control groups (P<0.05). Glycemic markers, triglyceride, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly decreased only in normal-weight LCD group compared to control group. Homeostatic model of insulin resistance, LDL-C, and ALP were significantly decreased only in overweight LCD group (P<0.05). However, insulin sensitivity was significantly increased in LCD groups compared to control groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It was found that LCD improved cardio-metabolic risk factors, liver enzymes and body composition in normal and overweight T2DM patients.
- Type 2 diabetes; Low calorie diet; Body composition; Lipid profile; Glycemic indexes; Liver enzymes
How to Cite
References
King, H., R.E. Aubert, and W.H. Herman, Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes care, 1998. 21(9): p. 1414-1431.
Roglic, G., WHO Global report on diabetes: A summary. International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases, 2016. 1(1): p. 3.
Fund, I.M., Real GDP growth-annual per cent change. 2017.
Chellappan, D.K., et al., Current therapies and targets for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Panminerva Medica, 2018. 60(3): p. 117-131.
Alzaid, A., et al., Burden of disease and costs associated with type 2 diabetes in emerging and established markets: systematic review analyses. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 2021. 21(4): p. 785-798.
Yang, L., et al., Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among inland residents in China (2000–2014): A meta‐analysis. Journal of diabetes investigation, 2016. 7(6): p. 845-852.
Taylor, R., Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: tracing the reverse route from cure to cause. Diabetologia, 2008. 51(10): p. 1781-1789.
Lim, E.L., et al., Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Diabetologia, 2011. 54(10): p. 2506-2514.
Steven, S., et al., Very low-calorie diet and 6 months of weight stability in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological changes in responders and nonresponders. Diabetes care, 2016. 39(5): p. 808-815.
Alhazmi, A., et al., The association between dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 2014. 27(3): p. 251-260.
Fang, M., Trends in the prevalence of diabetes among US adults: 1999–2016. American journal of preventive medicine, 2018. 55(4): p. 497-505.
Carnethon, M.R., et al., Association of weight status with mortality in adults with incident diabetes. Jama, 2012. 308(6): p. 581-590.
Dendup, T., et al., Environmental risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2018. 15(1): p. 78.
Gram‐Kampmann, E.M., et al., Effects of a 6‐month, low‐carbohydrate diet on glycaemic control, body composition, and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: An open‐label randomized controlled trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2022. 24(4): p. 693-703.
Nguyen, N.T. and J.E. Varela, Bariatric surgery for obesity and metabolic disorders: state of the art. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2017. 14(3): p. 160-169.
Batterham, R.L. and D.E. Cummings, Mechanisms of diabetes improvement following bariatric/metabolic surgery. Diabetes care, 2016. 39(6): p. 893-901.
Malandrucco, I., et al., Very-low-calorie diet: a quick therapeutic tool to improve β cell function in morbidly obese patients with type 2 diabetes. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012. 95(3): p. 609-613.
Taylor, R., et al., Clinical and metabolic features of the randomised controlled Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT) cohort. Diabetologia, 2018. 61(3): p. 589-598.
Lee, W.-Y., The Effects of Low-Calorie Diets on Abdominal Visceral Fat, Muscle Mass, and Dietary Quality in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Subjects (Korean Diabetes J 2009; 33: 526-36). Korean Diabetes Journal, 2010. 34(1): p. 66-67.
Consultation, W.E., Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet (London, England), 2004. 363(9403): p. 157-163.
Soldavini, J., Krause's food & the nutrition care process. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 2019. 51(10): p. 1225.
Sami, W., et al., Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. International journal of health sciences, 2017. 11(2): p. 65.
Davies, M.J., et al., Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care, 2022. 45(11): p. 2753-2786.
Mehrabani, H.H., et al., Comparing the Efficacy of Two Hypocaleric Diets on Weight Loss and Lipid Profile of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Pajoohandeh Journal, 2010. 15(2): p. 55-61.
Lofgren, I.E., et al., Weight loss favorably modifies anthropometrics and reverses the metabolic syndrome in premenopausal women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2005. 24(6): p. 486-493.
Headland, M., et al., Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intermittent energy restriction trials lasting a minimum of 6 months. Nutrients, 2016. 8(6): p. 354.
Sepehri, S.A., et al., Effects of a low calorie diet on weight management. Clinical Biochemistry, 2011. 13(44): p. S149-S150.
Banasik, J.L., et al., Low‐calorie diet induced weight loss may alter regulatory hormones and contribute to rebound visceral adiposity in obese persons with a family history of type‐2 diabetes. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2013. 25(8): p. 440-448.
Redman, L.M., et al., Effect of calorie restriction with or without exercise on body composition and fat distribution. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2007. 92(3): p. 865-872.
Fantuzzi, G. and T. Mazzone, Adipose tissue and atherosclerosis: exploring the connection. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2007. 27(5): p. 996-1003.
Franz, M.J., et al., Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2015. 115(9): p. 1447-1463.
Apovian, C.M. and L.J. Aronne, The 2013 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/The Obesity Society Guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: what is new about diet, drugs, and surgery for obesity? Circulation, 2015. 132(16): p. 1586-1591.
ElSayed, N.A., et al., 17. Diabetes Advocacy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care, 2023. 46(Supplement_1): p. S279-S280.
Ruggenenti, P., et al., Renal and systemic effects of calorie restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes with abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes, 2017. 66(1): p. 75-86.
Tilg, H., A.R. Moschen, and M. Roden, NAFLD and diabetes mellitus. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2017. 14(1): p. 32-42.
Larson‐Meyer, D.E., et al., Effect of 6‐month calorie restriction and exercise on serum and liver lipids and markers of liver function. Obesity, 2008. 16(6): p. 1355-1362.
Fernández, T., et al., Lifestyle changes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2022. 17(2): p. e0263931.
- Abstract Viewed: 72 times