Elevated Intraocular Pressure after Pars Plana Vitrectomy: A Review
Journal of Ophthalmic and Optometric Sciences,
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019),
6 Farvardin 2019
,
Page 42-51
https://doi.org/10.22037/joos.v3i2.34900
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a well-known complication after pars plana vitrectomy with or without tamponade. The mechanism of increase in IOP can be open angle, closed angle or both. Oxidative stress is hypothesized to have a significant role in the pathogenesis of post vitrectomy elevated IOP and the presence of the lens probably has a protective role. The use of silicone oil and intraocular gases as tamponade is related to higher risk of post-operative elevated IOP and causes longer-term IOP elevation. Anti-inflammatory agents, mydriatics, anti-glaucoma medications especially aqueous suppressants, glaucoma surgery and laser procedures might be used for controlling post vitrectomy elevated IOP. Glaucoma shunt implantation and cyclodestructive procedures are the most important surgeries performed for treatment of uncontrolled intraocular pressure after vitrectomy.
Keywords:
- Intraocular pressure; Pars plana; Vitrectomy; Review
How to Cite
Yadgari, M., Shahriari , M., & Farsi, P. . (2019). Elevated Intraocular Pressure after Pars Plana Vitrectomy: A Review. Journal of Ophthalmic and Optometric Sciences, 3(2), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.22037/joos.v3i2.34900
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3. Han DP, Lewis H, Lambrou FH Jr, Mieler WF, Hartz A. Mechanisms of intraocular pressure elevation after pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmology. 1989;96(9):1357-62.
4. Ichhpujani P, Jindal A, Jay Katz L. Silicone oil induced glaucoma: a review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247(12):1585-93.
5. Weinberg RS, Peyman GA, Huamonte FU. Elevation of intraocular pressure after pars plana vitrectomy. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1976;200(2):157-61.
6. Aaberg TM, Van Horn DL. Late complications of pars plana vitreous surgery. Ophthalmology. 1978;85(2):126-40.
7. Shui YB, Holekamp NM, Kramer BC, Crowley JR, Wilkins MA, Chu F, et al. The gel state of the vitreous and ascorbate-dependent oxygen consumption: relationship to the etiology of nuclear cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(4):475-82.
8. Novak MA, Rice TA, Michels RG, Auer C. Vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(12):1485-9.
9. Melberg NS, Thomas MA. Nuclear sclerotic cataract after vitrectomy in patients younger than 50 years of age. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(10):1466-71.
10. de Bustros S, Thompson JT, Michels RG, Enger C, Rice TA, Glaser BM. Nuclear sclerosis after vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membranes. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105(2):160-4.
11. Cherfan GM, Michels RG, de Bustros S, Enger C, Glaser BM. Nuclear sclerotic cataract after vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111(4):434-8.
12. Thompson JT, Glaser BM, Sjaarda RN, Murphy RP. Progression of nuclear sclerosis and long-term visual results of vitrectomy with transforming growth factor beta-2 for macular holes. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119(1):48-54.
13. Panozzo G, Parolini B. Cataracts associated with posterior segment surgery. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2004;17(4):557-68.
14. Feng H, Adelman RA. Cataract formation following vitreoretinal procedures. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:1957-65.
15. Saccà SC, Izzotti A. Oxidative stress and glaucoma: injury in the anterior segment of the eye. Prog Brain Res. 2008;173:385-407.
16. Izzotti A, Bagnis A, Saccà SC. The role of oxidative stress in glaucoma. Mutat Res. 2006;612(2):105-14.
17. Holekamp NM, Shui YB, Beebe DC. Vitrectomy surgery increases oxygen exposure to the lens: a possible mechanism for nuclear cataract formation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(2):302-10.
18. Palmquist BM, Philipson B, Fagerholm P. Nuclear cataract--a microradiographic study. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1988;66(6):671-7.
19. Barbazetto IA, Liang J, Chang S, Zheng L, Spector A, Dillon JP. Oxygen tension in the rabbit lens and vitreous before and after vitrectomy. Exp Eye Res. 2004;78(5):917-24.
20. Chang S. LXII Edward Jackson lecture: open angle glaucoma after vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(6):1033-43.
21. Faulborn J, Conway BP, Machemer R. Surgical complications of pars plana vitreous surgery. Ophthalmology. 1978;85(2):116-25.
22. Ghartey KN, Tolentino FI, Freeman HM, McMeel JW, Schepens CL, Aiello LM. Closed vitreous surgery. XVII. Results and complications of pars plana vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98(7):1248-52.
23. Koreen L, Yoshida N, Escariao P, Niziol LM, Koreen IV, Musch DC, et al. Incidence of, risk factors for, and combined mechanism of late-onset open-angle glaucoma after vitrectomy. Retina. 2012;32(1):160-7.
24. Lalezary M, Kim SJ, Jiramongkolchai K, Recchia FM, Agarwal A, Sternberg P Jr. Long-term trends in intraocular pressure after pars plana vitrectomy. Retina. 2011;31(4):679-85.
25. Hasegawa Y, Okamoto F, Sugiura Y, Okamoto Y, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Intraocular pressure elevation after vitrectomy for various vitreoretinal disorders. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014;24(2):235-41.
26. Brennan N, Reekie I, Ezra E, Barton K, Viswanathan A, Muqit MM. The role of day one postoperative review of intraocular pressure in modern vitrectomy surgery. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(9):1281-4.
27. Fang Y, Long Q, Wang X, Jiang R, Sun X. Intraocular pressure 1 year after vitrectomy in eyes without a history of glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017;11:2091-7.
28. Sahoo NK, Balijepalli P, Singh SR, Jhingan M, Senthil S, Chhablani J. Retina and glaucoma: surgical complications. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2018;4:29.
29. Wu L, Berrocal MH, Rodriguez FJ, Maia M, Morales-Canton V, Figueroa M, et al. Intraocular pressure elevation after uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy: results of the Pan American Collaborative Retina Study Group. Retina. 2014;34(10):1985-9.
30. Honavar SG, Goyal M, Majji AB, Sen PK, Naduvilath T, Dandona L. Glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(1):169-76.
31. Inoue T, Inatani M, Takihara Y, Awai-Kasaoka N, Ogata-Iwao M, Tanihara H. Prognostic risk factors for failure of trabeculectomy with mitomycin C after vitrectomy. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2012;56(5):464-9.
32. El Annan J, Carvounis PE. Current management of vitreous hemorrhage due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2014;54(2):141-53.
33. Yamamoto K, Iwase T, Terasaki H. Long-Term Changes in Intraocular Pressure after Vitrectomy for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment, Epi-Retinal Membrane, or Macular Hole. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0167303.
34. Kornmann HL, Gedde SJ. Glaucoma management after vitreoretinal surgeries. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2016;27(2):125-31.
35. Framme C, Klotz S, Wolf-Schnurrbusch UE, Wiedemann P, Wolf S. Intraocular pressure changes following 20G pars-plana vitrectomy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(8):744-9.
36. Madreperla SA, McCuen BW 2nd. Inferior peripheral iridectomy in patients receiving silicone oil. Rates of postoperative closure and effect on oil position. Retina. 1995;15(2):87-90.
37. Fleck BW. How large must an iridotomy be? Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74(10):583-8.
38. Bartov E, Huna R, Ashkenazi I, Melamed S, Gutman I, Naveh N, et al. Identification, prevention, and treatment of silicone oil pupillary block after an inferior iridectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111(4):501-4.
39. Lewis H, Han D, Williams GA. Management of fibrin pupillary-block glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal gas injection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103(2):180-2.
40. Jaffe GJ, Lewis H, Han DP, Williams GA, Abrams GW. Treatment of postvitrectomy fibrin pupillary block with tissue plasminogen activator. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108(2):170-5.
41. Rososinski A, Wechsler D, Grigg J. Retrospective review of pars plana versus anterior chamber placement of Baerveldt glaucoma drainage device. J Glaucoma. 2015;24(2):95-9.
42. Nguyen QH, Lloyd MA, Heuer DK, Baerveldt G, Minckler DS, Lean JS, et al. Incidence and management of glaucoma after intravitreal silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(10):1520-6.
43. Abrams GW, Swanson DE, Sabates WI, Goldman AI. The results of sulfur hexafluoride gas in vitreous surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;94(2):165-71.
44. Vitrectomy with silicone oil or sulfur hexafluoride gas in eyes with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy: results of a randomized clinical trial. Silicone Study Report 1. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(6):770-9.
45. Chang S, Lincoff HA, Coleman DJ, Fuchs W, Farber ME. Perfluorocarbon gases in vitreous surgery. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(5):651-6.
46. Vitrectomy with silicone oil or perfluoropropane gas in eyes with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy: results of a randomized clinical trial. Silicone Study Report 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(6):780-92.
47. Mills MD, Devenyi RG, Lam WC, Berger AR, Beijer CD, Lam SR. An assessment of intraocular pressure rise in patients with gas-filled eyes during simulated air flight. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(1):40-4.
48. Lincoff H, Weinberger D, Reppucci V, Lincoff A. Air travel with intraocular gas. I. The mechanisms for compensation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(6):902-6.
49. Johnstone MA, Grant WG. Pressure-dependent changes in structures of the aqueous outflow system of human and monkey eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973;75(3):365-83.
50. Amini R, Barocas VH, Kavehpour HP, Hubschman JP. Computational simulation of altitude change-induced intraocular pressure alteration in patients with intravitreal gas bubbles. Retina. 2011;31(8):1656-63.
51. Brosh K, Strassman I, Seelenfreund M. High intraocular pressure in four vitrectomized eyes with intravitreal C3F8 without high altitude travel. Eye (Lond). 2014;28(7):892-4.
52. de Corral LR, Cohen SB, Peyman GA. Effect of intravitreal silicone oil on intraocular pressure. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987;18(6):446-9.
53. Matić S, Suić SP, Biuk D, Matić M, Barać J, Vinković M. Influence of silicone oil tamponade after vitrectomy on intraocular pressure. Coll Antropol. 2013;37 Suppl 1:227-35.
54. Jabbour E, Azar G, Antoun J, Kourie HR, Abdelmassih Y, Jalkh A. Incidence and Risk Factors of Ocular Hypertension following Pars Plana Vitrectomy and Silicone Oil Injection. Ophthalmologica. 2018;240(3):129-34.
55. Leaver PK, Grey RH, Garner A. Silicone oil injection in the treatment of massive preretinal retraction. II. Late complications in 93 eyes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(5):361-7.
56. McCuen BW 2nd, de Juan E Jr, Landers MB 3rd, Machemer R. Silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery. Part 2: Results and complications. Retina. 1985;5(4):198-205.
57. Federman JL, Schubert HD. Complications associated with the use of silicone oil in 150 eyes after retina-vitreous surgery. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(7):870-6.
58. Zborowski-Gutman L, Treister G, Naveh N, Chen V, Blumenthal M. Acute glaucoma following vitrectomy and silicone oil injection. Br J Ophthalmol. 1987;71(12):903-6.
59. Burk LL, Shields MB, Proia AD, McCuen BW 2nd. Intraocular pressure following intravitreal silicone oil injection. Ophthalmic Surg. 1988;19(8):565-9.
60. Riedel KG, Gabel VP, Neubauer L, Kampik A, Lund OE. Intravitreal silicone oil injection: complications and treatment of 415 consecutive patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1990;228(1):19-23.
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