Advances in Nursing & Midwifery

Background & Aim: Pain is a major unpleasant experience for patients in Intensive care unit. The aim of
this study was to investigate the effect of listening to preferred music on physiological parameters of
unconscious patients as assessment indicator of pain.
Methods & Materials: In this clinical trial study, 72 unconscious patients were selected form intensive care
units of Sina and Imam Khomeini hospitals in Tehran by convenience sampling method. Patients were
randomly allocated into two groups (intervention and control groups). In intervention group, patients listened
to music selected by their family members for 30 minutes a day for three consecutive days. intervention
(music) patients for 30 minutes without any intervention and rest in the bed. Patients in control group did not
listen to music. Physiological parameters including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean
arterial pressure, heart rate and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (spo2) were obtained 10 minutes before
and 30 minutes after intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS V.18 software.
Results: There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of physiological parameters before
intervention. There was a statistically significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (P=0.006) and mean
blood pressure (P= 0.038) of patients in intervention group. There was a significant increase of heart rate
among patients in intervention group . There was no difference between the two groups in terms of diastolic
blood pressure.
Conclusion: Results of this research provide evidence to serviceable the use of music in this patient
Keywords: Pain, Music, vital signs, physiological parameters, unconscious

Background and aim: Post traumatic stress disorder is a severe disorder that happens by encountering with a distressing psychological experience, and leads to revealing disease symptoms. About 1/5 to 6 percent of women in the world, have post traumatic stress disorder following delivery. Pregnancy is as a risk factor of this disease. also it has been detected that fathers of preterm babies experience more stress than fathers of term babies.
Materials and methods: this study was a descriptive-comparetive study. The sample size was 82 parents in
two group of term and preterm babies. The tools of this study was demographic and PSS-I questionnaire that
parents filled them 2month after their baby birth. Data was analyzed with X2 , exact fisher test, Mann-whitney
and independent t test with SPSS18.
Findings: post traumatic stress was significantly more in mothers of preterm babies (p=0/03). But there were no significant difference between fathers in two group (p=1).
Conclusion: mothers of preterm babies are at more risk than fathers for psychological problems and this finding shows the need for more intervention to help them to cope with problem of having preterm babies.

Keywords: post traumatic stress disorder, prematurity, parents

Background: Medication orders are an important part of the healing and patient care process. Considering the
increasing statistics of medication errors, a study was conducted to study the frequency, type, and causes of
medication errors of nurses in medical and surgical wards in different shifts of educational hospitals affiliated
with ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Science in 2012.
Materials and Methods:This is a descriptive study conducted on 218 nurses working at medical and surgical
wards of educational hospitals affiliated with ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Science in 2012. The
sampling method was stratified. Data collection tools were questionnaires. The data was analyzed by SPSS
18th version using descriptive statistics, two-sample tests, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation
coefficient.
Results: The average medication errors in one monthwas 31/6 casesper nurse. Gender and shiftwork were
significantly related to medication errors so that the average medication errors more in men than in women.
Furthermore Statistical significant difference was observed in the number of medication errors in different
shiftwork indicating that the average medication errors were the highest in the afternoon and night shifts. The
average of medication errors in night shift were more than morning shift while there was no difference
between the morning shift and the rotation one. Wrong time error was the most frequent one in the study.
According to nurses the most important factors in medication errors are high workload, lack of nurses per
patients in each ward, and fatigue.
Conclusion:Based on the results of the study, it's necessary for nursing managers to pay more attention to
logical proportion of patient/staff at different wards, reduction of workload and reduction of nurses" work
hours because these factors can lead to their fatigue and a fall in their concentration.
Keywords: medication errors, nurses, and factors

Background and aim: Population ageing and its consequences has become a major concern in most countries
around the world. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of horticultural therapy on
depression in older nursing-homes residents.
Method and material : A quasi-experimental with two groups and pre-test post-test design was used. The
sample of the study consisted of 44 older adults ,which were randomly assigned to intervention and control
group. Participants in intervention group were engaged in a planting, maintaining and harvesting fruits and
vegetables program for 3 months . Quantitative data were collected by 14 questions related to symptoms of
depression from Lovibond & Lovibond’s (1995) criterion of depression, stress and anxiety (42 questions).The
validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been confirmed by Samani and Jokar(1386). Qualitative data
were collected by observation. Quantitative data were analyzed by covariance analysis test.
Findings: The results showed that horticultural therapy significantly reduces depression scores among
participants in intervention group. There was a significant difference in change scores of the depression
(p <0 .01) between experimental and control group.
Conclusion: Consistent with previous pieces of research, this paper showed that gardening exercises enhance
the emotional state of elderlies. This program could be used to reduce aging effects such as depression.
Keywords: Nursing home ; Depression; Horticultural therapy; Elderly

Background and aim: Psychologists believe that paying attention to nurses' psychological health can
increase their motivation for conducting their duties while are at work . The aim of this study was to
determine the relationship between mental health of nurses and their motivation in doing their tasks in
Ganjavian Dezfool Hospital
Method and material his was a correlational study being done on Ganjavian Hospital's nurses in city of
Dezfool (N=240). The data were collected via a questionnaire. Nurses' mental health was measured using
GHQ28 and their job motivation, by Herzberg motivation questionnaire. GHQ28 had four non-psychotic
dimensions (1-Somatization, 2- Anxiety And Sleep Disorder, 3- Social Dysfunction, and Depression).
with 7 questions within each dimension. Spearman correlation was used to test the research hypothesis of this
research.
Findings: The findings revealed that the relationship between
1. Mental health and Nurses Job motivation (p = 0/0001, r = - 0/279)
2. Physical symptoms and Herzberg hygiene factor ( p < 0/01 , r = - 0/ 276 ) -
3. Anxiety and sleep disorders , and Herzberg hygiene factor ( p < 0/01 , r = - 0/ 272 ) ,
4. Social function disorder , and Herzberg hygiene factor ( p < 0/01 , r = - 0/ 377 ) ,
5. Depression, and Herzberg hygiene factor ( p < 0/01 , r = - 0/ 227 ) ,
6. Physical symptoms, and Herzberg motivational factor ( P < 0/01 , r < - 0/ 244 )
7. Anxiety and sleep disorders, and Herzberg motivational factor ( p < 0/01 , r = - 0/ 233 )
8. Social function disorder, and Herzberg motivational factor ( p < 0/01 , r = - 0/ 286 )
9. Depression, and Herzberg motivational factor (p < 0/01, r = - 0/ 227) are significant.
Conclusion: The scores of nurses' mental health and Job motivation are correlated in a positive way, thus
investing on nurses' mental health potentially enhance nurses' job motivation at hospital.
Keywords: Mental health, Nurse, Motivation, Hospital.

communication is associated with fear of negative evaluation, decreased social activities and low self-esteem.
Fear of communication is the fourth most prevalent psychiatric disorders in Iran, as elsewhere, is highly
prevalent among adolescents. Since communication apprehension have a significant negative impact on
students' performance detection, diagnosis and early intervention t can be helpful. The aim of this study was
to determine the Fear of communication among medical and nursing students of Islamic Azad University of
Medical Sciences, Tehra, Irann.
Method and materials: This study was a descriptive comparative study .The sample of the study consisted of
500 students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch participated. Participants were included in
the study by cluster sampling method. Half of the students were sophomores and the other half were thirdyear
students in the Faculty of Medicine and Nursing. Data were collected by a questionnaire which consisted
of demographic information, and (PRCA) 24, a twenty-four statements concerning feelings about
communication with others.
Results: Most of the participants in the second year, were medical students and most of the third year
students were nursing students. The results showed that the most prevalent fear in second year and third year
students associated with frightening situations (group discussion, presentation, interpersonal, public
speaking) .The scores of fear of communication were higher in second year students comparing to third year
students. Remarkably, a significant relationship between demographic characteristics such as the field of
education, occupation, marital status, parental education, parental occupation and family size were obtained in
both groups (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: There is a need for early identification of the disorder providing information and education for
students and their parents.
Keywords: Fear of communication, communication apprehension, Nursing students, Medical students.

Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Background and Objectives: Employees' emotional intelligence and a strong organizational culture,
contributes to selecting appropriate strategies and improvement of organizational performance. The purpose
of this study was to investigate the relationship among emotional intelligence, organizational performance
and organizational culture of managers and staff in faculties of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Sciences.
Materials and Methods: This was a correlational research, assessing the relationship among emotional
intelligence, organizational culture and performance. The sample of the study consisted of 200 managers and
employees' serving in faculties of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Participants
were included in the study by stratified sampling method. Data were collected by a questionnaire which
consisted of four sections: demographic information , emotional intelligence , organizational culture , and
organizational performance. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by computing Cronbach's
alpha. Data wer analysed by Pearson test and SPSS and LISLER software .
findings: 76.2 % of the respondents were female , 79.5 % of them aged 25 to 40 years, the educational
level of 65.5 % of respondents were bachelor, 29% master and 5/5 percent PhD. The scores for emotional
intelligence, organizational performance and organizational culture were (3.51 ±0.348),(4.03±0.494) and
(2.99±0.649) respectively. There was a significant correlation between emotional intelligence scores and
organizational culture (r=0.364 P=0.0001) , emotional intelligence and organizational performance ( r= 0.606
P=0.0001) and organizational culture and performance( r= 0.363 P= 0.001) .
Conclusion: The results indicate that there is a significant correlation among emotional intelligence and
organizational performance and organizational culture in a sample of employees' in faculties of Shahid
Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, enterprise performance, corporate culture

Background: It has been known for many years that there is a high risk of relapse after treatment of drug
abuse. This has made addiction more complicated. Knowledge of related factors allows the health care
professionals to initiate much broader, client centered, replace prevention strategies.
Material and Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study that was performed on 380 clients
admitted to addiction treatment center in Maraghe City, who had at least once a return to substance abuse and
were selected using convenience sampling method. Data collection was performed by using structured
interview and interview form in a single step. Data analysis and statistical was performed using SPSS
software version 16 and ANOVA test.
Results: Most cases (62/6%) had a history of leaving between 1 to 3 times. The most important factors
affecting on the return to substance abuse from the perspective of clients were include: physical unpleasant
symptoms of withdrawal (72/6%), feelings despair (57/3%), relationship with addict colleagues (29/5%),
cheap drug prices (40/5%), low literacy (23/4%), not controlling on family (27/4%) and interaction with
addict friends (57/9%).
Conclusion: Various factors have a large extent influence in return to substance abuse. Therefore, in addition
to eliminating the dependence of physical with drug therapy, attention to the factors that were associated with
an inability to quit is important.
Keywords: Return to substance abuse, Addiction treatment, Addiction

Background and objectives: Currently childbearing is recognized as an experience with contradictory
feelings for women. Knowing the decision making process of childbearing is an important aspect of
reproductive health. This study aimed to explain the experiences of ambivalence after making decision for
childbearing in Iranian women.
Materials and methods: This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis approach
with 32 married women from Tehran who were pregnant for the first time or were using contraceptive
methods. Purposeful sampling was used and continued until data saturation. In-depth unstructured interviews
were used to collect the data. Analysis of the data occurred simultaneously with data collection using content
analysis based on Graneheim and Lundman method in MAXQDA 2007 software.
Findings: The analysis of the data led to extraction of 3 themes of certainty and satisfaction versus
uncertainty and indecision, decision making in silence, and bargaining. Women feel ambivalent after making
decision for childbearing because of the manner they make the decision, persistence of uncertainties and
worries along with satisfaction and peace.
Conclusion: Ambivalence in childbearing decision making is a prevalent and challenging phenomenon, and
is potentially important for realizing pregnancy behavior and providing appropriate interventions in preconception
consultations.
Keywords: decision making, childbearing, ambivalence, qualitative study