COVID-19: Features, clinical course and concerns
Journal of Cellular & Molecular Anesthesia,
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2020),
21 July 2020
,
Page 102-113
https://doi.org/10.22037/jcma.v5i2.29885
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China . So far, 136 reports from the WHO were reported. In the latest report, 6416828 patients in almost all countries have been infected with the COVID-19. The present study discusses the different aspects of COVID such as emergence, signs and symptoms, comparisons with SARS and MERS, concerns, governments' actions in controlling the virus and a descriptive analysis of the spread and death. The emergence of the coronavirus family in the last two decades has created a public health issue around the world. It has also caused serious damages to infrastructure, economy, culture and communities of countries. Thus, affected governments have taken steps to reduce these concerns such as quarantine, education, traffic control, closure of recreational centers, reduction of working hours etc. Despite strict measures to contain the COVID-19, this virus is still expanding and the question of "what actions should be taken with what political package?" is being asked. To answer this question, it is important to understand the process of disease occurrence and modeling different interventions on changing the natural course of the disease is very important
- COVID-19
- Novel coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2
- Coronavirus case fatality
- MERS
- SARS
How to Cite
References
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(8):727-33.
Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS, Zaki R, Tan Z, Bibi S, et al. The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? International Journal of Epidemiology. 2020.
Amirian ES, Scheurer ME, Zhou R, Wrensch MR, Armstrong GN, Lachance D, et al. History of chickenpox in glioma risk: a report from the glioma international case-control study (GICC). Cancer Med. 2016;5(6):1352-8.
Smith RD. Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(12):3113-23.
Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006;3(9):e343-e.
Mackay IM, Arden KE. MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission. Virol J. 2015;12:222-.
Zumla A, Hui DS, Perlman S. Middle East respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2015;386(9997):995-1007.
Banegas YC, Ocolotobiche EE, Padula G, Córdoba EE, Fernández E, Güerci AM. Evaluation of resveratrol radiomodifying potential for radiotherapy treatment. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2018;836:79-83.
Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, et al. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science. 2005;310(5748):676-9.
Ge X-Y, Li J-L, Yang X-L, Chmura AA, Zhu G, Epstein JH, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013;503(7477):535-8.
Yang L, Wu Z, Ren X, Yang F, He G, Zhang J, et al. Novel SARS-like betacoronaviruses in bats, China, 2011. Emerging infectious diseases. 2013;19(6):989.
Koohian F, Shanei A, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Hejazi SH, Moradi MT. The radioprotective effect of resveratrol against genotoxicity induced by γ-irradiation in mice blood lymphocytes. Dose-Response. 2017;15(2).
Drexler JF, Corman VM, Drosten C. Ecology, evolution and classification of bat coronaviruses in the aftermath of SARS. Antiviral Res. 2014;101:45-56.
Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Li KSM, Huang Y, Tsoi H-W, Wong BHL, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(39):14040-5.
Anderson RM, Fraser C, Ghani AC, Donnelly CA, Riley S, Ferguson NM, et al. Epidemiology, transmission dynamics and control of SARS: the 2002–2003 epidemic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences. 2004;359(1447):1091-105.
Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(19):1814-20.
Hemida MG, Perera RA, Wang P, Alhammadi MA, Siu LY, Li M, et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia, 2010 to 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(50):20659-.
Sikkema RS, Farag EABA, Islam M, Atta M, Reusken CBEM, Al-Hajri MM, et al. Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review. Epidemiol Infect. 2019;147:e84-e.
Dawson P, Malik MR, Parvez F, Morse SS. What Have We Learned About Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Emergence in Humans? A Systematic Literature Review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2019;19(3):174-92.
Hemida MG, Alnaeem A. Some One Health based control strategies for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. One Health. 2019;8:100102-.
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. <em>Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus</em>: The species and its viruses – a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. bioRxiv. 2020:2020.02.07.937862.
Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. bioRxiv. 2020:2020.01.22.914952.
Heymann DL, Shindo N, Scientific WHO, Technical Advisory Group for Infectious H. COVID-19: what is next for public health? Lancet. 2020;395(10224):542-5.
de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2016;14(8):523-34.
Meo SA, Alhowikan AM, Al-Khlaiwi T, Meo IM, Halepoto DM, Iqbal M, et al. Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prevalence, biological and clinical characteristics comparison with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(4):2012-9.
Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective from China. Radiology. 2020:200490.
Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(3):246-51.
Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Dela Cruz CS, et al. Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Munster VJ. Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) under different environmental conditions. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(38):20590.
Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective from China. Radiology. 2020:200490-.
Chan KH, Peiris JSM, Lam SY, Poon LLM, Yuen KY, Seto WH. The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus. Adv Virol. 2011;2011:734690-.
Wang M, Jiang A, Gong L, Luo L, Guo W, Li C, et al. Temperature significant change COVID-19 Transmission in 429 cities. medRxiv. 2020:2020.02.22.20025791.
Lim W, Ng K-C, Tsang DNC. Laboratory containment of SARS virus. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2006;35(5):354-60.
Duan S-M, Zhao X-S, Wen R-F, Huang J-J, Pi G-H, Zhang S-X, et al. Stability of SARS coronavirus in human specimens and environment and its sensitivity to heating and UV irradiation. Biomed Environ Sci. 2003;16(3):246-55.
Organization WH. Laboratory biosafety guidance related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): interim guidance, 12 February 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
Yao T-T, Qian J-D, Zhu W-Y, Wang Y, Wang G-Q. A Systematic Review of Lopinavir Therapy for SARS Coronavirus and MERS Coronavirus–A Possible Reference for Coronavirus Disease-19 Treatment Option. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;n/a(n/a).
Lai C-C, Shih T-P, Ko W-C, Tang H-J, Hsueh P-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020:105924-.
Data-as-reported-by-national-authorities. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report –51: World Health Organization; 2020 [Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_4.
David JK, Salvatore R. Fear of the novel coronavirus. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2020;14(01).
Herbert TB, Cohen S. Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review. Psychosom Med. 1993;55(4):364-79.
Kemeny ME. The Psychobiology of Stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2003;12(4):124-9.
Gálvez I, Torres-Piles S, Ortega-Rincón E. Balneotherapy, Immune System, and Stress Response: A Hormetic Strategy? Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(6):1687.
Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide: World Health Organization; 3 March 2020 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide.
Cheng VCC, Wong SC, Chen JHK, Yip CCY, Chuang VWM, Tsang OTY, et al. Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020:1-24.
Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran2020 [Available from: http://ird.behdasht.gov.ir/.
WHO. World Health Organization2020 [Available from: https://www.who.int/.
Italian-Ministry-of-health. Italian Ministry of health2020 [Available from: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/home.html.
German-Ministry-of-health. German Ministry of health; 2020 [Available from: https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/en/en.html.
French-Ministry-of-Health. French Ministry of Health; 2020 [Available from: http://www.sante.gouv.fr.
Spanish-Ministry-of-Health. Spanish Ministry of Health2020 [Available from: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/en/home.htm.
Ministry-of-Health-and-Walfare. Korean Ministry of Health and Walfare; 2020 [Available from: https://www.mohw.go.kr/eng/.
Chinese-Ministry-of-Health. Chinese Ministry of Health; 2020 [Available from: http://en.nhc.gov.cn/.
Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, et al. The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science (New York, NY). 2020:eaba9757.
Patel A, Jernigan DB, nCo VCDCRT. Initial Public Health Response and Interim Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak - United States, December 31, 2019-February 4, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(5):140-6.
Jernigan DB, Team CC-R. Update: Public Health Response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak - United States, February 24, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(8):216-9.
Situation reports World Health Organization: Data as reported by national authorities 2020 [Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/.
Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. medRxiv. 2020:2020.02.06.20020974.
Wang L, Gao Y-h, lou L-L, Zhang G-J. The clinical dynamics of 18 cases of COVID-19 outside of Wuhan, China. European Respiratory Journal. 2020:2000398.
Li Y, Xia L. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of Chest CT in Diagnosis and Management. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 2020:1-7.
Zhou S, Wang Y, Zhu T, Xia L. CT Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia in 62 Patients in Wuhan, China. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 2020:1-8.
Zhao W, Zhong Z, Xie X, Yu Q, Liu J. Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 2020:1-6.
Liu W, Tao ZW, Lei W, Ming-Li Y, Kui L, Ling Z, et al. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020.
Xu X-W, Wu X-X, Jiang X-G, Xu K-J, Ying L-J, Ma C-L, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020;368:m606.
Wu J, Wu X, Zeng W, Guo D, Fang Z, Chen L, et al. Chest CT Findings in Patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 and its Relationship with Clinical Features. Investigative radiology. 2020.
Wu J, Liu J, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang W, Wang D, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Imported Cases of COVID-19 in Jiangsu Province: A Multicenter Descriptive Study. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.
Zhao D, Yao F, Wang L, Zheng L, Gao Y, Ye J, et al. A comparative study on the clinical features of COVID-19 pneumonia to other pneumonias. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.
Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.
Xiong Y, Sun D, Liu Y, Fan Y, Zhao L, Li X, et al. Clinical and High-Resolution CT Features of the COVID-19 Infection: Comparison of the Initial and Follow-up Changes. Investigative radiology. 2020.
Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, Liu W, Wang MF, Ma JP, et al. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020.
Hu Z, Song C, Xu C, Jin G, Chen Y, Xu X, et al. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. Science China Life sciences. 2020.
Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020.
Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):441-7.
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. The New England journal of medicine. 2020.
Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809-15.
Yang W, Cao Q, Qin L, Wang X, Cheng Z, Pan A, et al. Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19):A multi-center study in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang, China. The Journal of infection. 2020.
Xu YH, Dong JH, An WM, Lv XY, Yin XP, Zhang JZ, et al. Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. The Journal of infection. 2020.
Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, Chen K, Kang X, Xiang Z, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. The Journal of infection. 2020.
Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020.
Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, Gui S, Liang B, Li L, et al. Time Course of Lung Changes On Chest CT During Recovery From 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia. Radiology. 2020:200370.
Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, Yang Y, Fayad ZA, Zhang N, et al. Chest CT Findings in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): Relationship to Duration of Infection. Radiology. 2020:200463.
Bai HX, Hsieh B, Xiong Z, Halsey K, Choi JW, Tran TML, et al. Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT. Radiology. 2020:200823.
Li K, Wu J, Wu F, Guo D, Chen L, Fang Z, et al. The Clinical and Chest CT Features Associated with Severe and Critical COVID-19 Pneumonia. Investigative radiology. 2020.
Xia W, Shao J, Guo Y, Peng X, Li Z, Hu D. Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection: Different points from adults. Pediatric pulmonology. 2020.
Xu X, Yu C, Qu J, Zhang L, Jiang S, Huang D, et al. Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. 2020.
Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, Yuan YD, Yang YB, Yan YQ, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020.
Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi Z-L, Zhou P. Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses. 2019;11(3):210.
Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;92(4):424-32.
Deng SQ, Peng HJ. Characteristics of and Public Health Responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in China. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;9(2).
Spina S, Marrazzo F, Migliari M, Stucchi R, Sforza A, Fumagalli R. The response of Milan's Emergency Medical System to the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):e49-e50.
Takian AR, Sara Kazempour-Ardebili. COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran. thelancet. 2020;S0140-6736(20):30668-1.
- Abstract Viewed: 292 times
- PDF Downloaded: 163 times