امکانسنجی «حقوق بشر» در قامت جایگزین «اخلاق زیستی»
مجله اخلاق زیستی- علمی پژوهشی,
دوره 10 شماره 35 (1399),
1 تیر 2020
,
صفحه 1-15
https://doi.org/10.22037/bioeth.v10i35.29844
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: : امروزه اخلاق زیستی و حقوق بشر دو مجموعه از هنجارها، رویهها و نهادهایی هستند که وظیفه اصلی آنها تنظیم روابط حوزه زیستشناسی و پزشکی در پرتو حقوق عمومی میباشد. در سالهای اخیر در برخی از پژوهشهای انجام شده و نیز رویه برخی دولتها، این فرضیه مطرح شده است که حوزه اخلاق زیستی در نظام حقوق بشر هضم و جذب شده است. در مطالعه حاضر به بررسی این فرضیه که در حال حاضر حقوق بشر بینالمللی در قامت جایگزین اخلاق زیستی ظهور کرده است، خواهیم پرداخت.
مواد و روشها: در این مطالعه با روش تحلیلی ـ توصیفی، ابتدا ماهیت اخلاق زیستی و مبانی مشترک آن با حقوق بشر مورد بحث و بررسی قرار خواهد گرفت. پس از مشخصشدن وضعیت متغیر مزبور، نقش حقوق بشر در اخلاق زیستی با توجه به اشتراک مبانی آنها مد نظر قرار خواهد گرفت. در گام سوم، فرضیه «حقوق بشر به عنوان جایگزین اخلاق زیستی» در بوته آزمایش قرار خواهد گرفت و در نهایت کارکردهای حقوق بشر بینالمللی در اخلاق زیستی مورد بحث و بررسی قرار خواهد گرفت.
یافتهها: طرفداران فرضیه هضمشدن اخلاق زیستی در نظام حقوق بشر معتقدند که با توجه به ضعفهای هنجاری و نهادی اخلاق زیستی در فضای حقوقی ـ سیاسی ـ فرهنگی بینالمللی، ابزارها و نهادهای حقوق بشر بینالمللی میتواند بخش هنجاری و نهادی اخلاق زیستی را در خود هضم کند. یافتههای این مطالعه نشان داد که حقوق بشر بینالمللی نمیتواند تمام خلأها و فاصلههای فضای علوم سیاسی را پوشش دهد. در اینجاست که نیاز به فضای اخلاق زیستی که فاقد ویژگیهای ذاتی عالم حقوق و به ویژه حقوق بشر بینالمللی میباشد، احساس میشود.
ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.
نتیجهگیری: اخلاق زیستی میتواند در مواردی که حقوق بشر با چالش انعطاف مواجه میشود، به نقشآفرینی بپردازد، در نتیجه اساساً نهتنها نیازی نیست که حوزه اخلاق زیستی در فضای حقوق بشر هضم و جذب شود، بلکه لازم است که این دو کاملاً مستقل از یکدیگر باشند.
- حقوق بشر؛ حقوق بشر بینالمللی؛ اخلاق زیستی؛ حقوق پزشکی
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