International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine
type: channel
description: International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine (IJMTFM) is aimed to promote scientific communication among medical investigators worldwide. IJMTFM, which benefits from an international editorial board, is published continously in collaboration with Toxicological Research Center (TRC) in Loghman Hakim University Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
publisher: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
language: en-US
publication name: International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine
issn: 2251-8762
copyright: Upon publication, each author agrees that the “Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences” is the copyright owner of the material published in “International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine (IJMTFM)”. The users are free to copy, distribute, and display the work; to make any reasonable noncommercial use of the work, subject to proper attribution of authorship and ownership of the rights. Authors may use their material in presentations and subsequent publications they write or edit themselves, provided that “IJMTFM” is notified in writing and is acknowledged as the original publication. At the time of sending the manuscript, it must be accompanied by copies of any permission to reproduce published material, to use illustrations or report information about identifiable people, or to name people for their contributions and send its signed agreement by ALL authors, along with a covering letter from the corresponding author indicating their agreements upon submission to and the right to reproduce and distribute the article for “IJMTFM”. Upon receiving them, the editorial board of “IJMTFM”, reserves the right to accept or reject the article in any stage and any time or delete a part of the text, tables or figures, if necessary.
items: Orbital Fissures in South Indian Skulls: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Morphological and Morphometric Analysis
items: Reinforcement Learning Guided Hierarchical Multimodal Feature Representation for Oral Cancer Diagnosis via Histopathological Image Analysis
items: Microplastics in Food and Their Toxicological Effects: A Two-Decade Bibliometric Study (2000–2025)
items: Drift-Aware Resilient Ensemble Deep Learning-based Anomaly Detection Model in Internet of Medical Things
items: Epidemiological Profile of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq: A Three-Year Retrospective Analysis
items: Context-Aware Hybrid Attention-Enhanced YOLO Framework for Accurate Multi-Scale Scoliosis Detection Using X-Ray Images
items: A Deep Learning–Driven CNN Framework for Early Identification of Retinal Disorders
items: A Personalized Context-Aware Recommendation System using Natural Language Processing for Drug Supply Chain Management in Smart City Environments
items: Real-Time Medical Resource Allocation in 6G-Enabled IoT Environment using Multi-Head Attention-Based Graph Convolutional Network
items: Psychosocial Ramifications of Perceived Dental Aesthetics: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes
items: Toxicological Pathway Alterations Driven by Cervical microRNAs (miR-21, miR-155, miR-9) in Persistent High-Risk HPV Infection
items: A Multi-Branch Attention Network for Accurate Brain Tumor Detection
items: Neural Network–Based Multi-Level Classification for Region-Oriented CT Lung Image Analysis
items: Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle Factors on Diabetes Control in Iraqi Patients
items: Sliding scale regimen versus basal bolus insulin regime for hyperglycemia management in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
items: Deep Convolutional Multi-Feature Fusion Approach for Early Laryngeal Carcinoma Detection using Narrow-Band Medical Imaging
items: Plasma Cell–Rich Viral Myocarditis Identified at Autopsy: A Case Report
items: Dual Organophosphate and Paraquat Poisoning: Successful Management with Early Hemoperfusion and Ventilation: A Case Report
items: Severe Zinc Poisoning in the Peruvian Amazon: A Case Report
items: Bupropion-Induced Cardiotoxicity in the Setting of Fluoxetine Therapy: A Case Study
items: Unusual Case of Long Drop Hanging with Sub-occipitomastoid Ligature Knot and Cut Throat Injury over the Laryngotracheal Region: Forensic and Medico-legal Implications
items: A University Student Suicide with Possible Copycat Features: A Forensic Case Report
items: Medico-Legal Autopsy Case of Fatal Traumatic Injuries in a Pedestrian sustained from a Road Traffic Accident caused by Impact with a Stray Dog
items: Forensic Determination of Wet Drowning in a River Utilizing Pennales Diatom Analysis: A Forensic Autopsy Report
items: Death Due to Blunt Force Trauma Disguised as Suicide by Hanging: A Case Report
items: Helium Inhalation Suicide: Hypoxic Asphyxia and Gas Embolism as Dual Mechanisms of Death: A Case Report
items: Fluconazole-Induced Stevens–Johnson Syndrome in a Type 2 Diabetic Male: A Case Report
items: Exploring The Safety and Phytochemical Composition of Nanoherbal Formulations from Phyllanthus Emblica L. Fruit
items: Impact of Temperature, Storage Duration, and Preservative Addition on the Stability of Tramadol in Urine Samples
items: Troponin as a Prognostic Biomarker for Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study
items: Physiological Dysregulation After Vitamin D Abuse in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: An Emphasis on Dysfunction of the Calcium–PTH Axis
items: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Retrospective Descriptive Study Carried Out at the Toxicology Service of Bab El-Oued University Hospital between 2023 and 2025
items: Mapping Global Research on Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress: A Bibliometric Approach (2000–2025)
items: Therapeutic Effects of Cordia myxa-Derived Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite on the Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatosplenic Histopathology in a Murine Model
items: Evaluating the Protective Role of Rutin Against Azithromycin-Induced Hepatorenal Histopathological Changes in Albino Rats
items: Timing-Dependent Effects of Fluoxetine and 808 nm Photobiomodulation in CORT/H₂O₂-Stressed SH-SY5Y Cells
items: Acute Intentional Antihistamine Poisoning in the Emergency Department: Predictors of Anticholinergic Symptoms
items: Anthocyanin Extraction and Purification from Red Onion Peels (Allium cepa) and Its Applications Against the CAL-51 Cell Line
items: Alcohol Attenuated the Epithelial Phenotype in Liver HepG2 Cells Co-Cultured with K562 Cells
items: Galantamine Attenuates Aluminum Chloride-Induced Cytotoxicity and Modulates Tumor Necrosis Factor Expression in SH-SY5Y Cells
items: Poisoning Patterns Before, During, and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Poisoning Centers in Urmia: A Six-Year Retrospective Study
items: Comprehensive Toxicity Assessment of Coconut Shell Liquid Smoke: Acute and Subacute Oral Exposure in Wistar Rats
items: Insular Cortical Thinning and Altered Structural Connectivity in Chronic Cannabis Users: A High-Resolution Morphometry and Diffusion Tractography Study
items: https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/ijmtfm/article/view/52469
items: Hepatotoxic Effects of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Bulk ZnO: Protective Role of Allium sativum Extract in Male Albino Rats
items: Acute Toxicity Assessment of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Melinjo Leaves (Gnetum gnemon L.) on Male Wistar White Rats and Liver Tissue Examination
items: Automatic Chromosomal Abnormality Detection Using Varifocal-Net with CNN
items: Altered Genes in Asbestose contamination
items: Time- and Dose-Dependent Neurotoxicity of Aluminum Chloride: Oxidative Stress, Cholinergic Dysfunction, and Histopathological Alterations in Male Rat Brain
items: Correlation of Surface Ammonia Concentration on a Rotting Corpse to the Degree of Decomposition
items: Comparative Study of Touch DNA from Different Surfaces: Amelogenin Locus Analysis for Forensic Purposes
items: Pharmaceutical Adulteration and Toxic Contaminants in Herbal Products: Global Bibliometric Trends and Forensic-Toxicological Implications
items: Prevalence and Sexual Dimorphism of the Mesial Marginal Developmental Groove in Maxillary Premolars: A Study in the Malay Population
items: Bedside Toxidromic Evaluation and Qualitative Analytical Screening in Acute Poisoning Cases Presenting to a Tertiary Care Emergency Department: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study
items: Determinants of Unsuccessful Prehospital Resuscitation in Pediatric Emergencies
items: Stature Estimation from Clavicular Length Using Multidetector Computed Tomography in an Adult North Indian Population
items: Chitinase 3-Like Protein 1, Th 2 Cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in Incised and Lacerated Cutaneous Wounds: Experimental Study
items: Macroscopic Changes Observed after Burning in Incised Wounds on Bones Caused by Sharp and Penetrating Instruments
items: Impact of Environmental Exposure on Mitochondrial DNA Degradation in Medical Masks: A Forensic Evaluation of Storage Time and Amplicon Length
items: Determination of Postmortem Interval Using the Oxidative Stress Markers, Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Changes of Spleen, Pancreas, and Heart: Experimental study
items: Agreement Between the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17) and Clinical Psychological Evaluation in Child Sexual Abuse Victims: A Clinical Forensic Study
items: An Intelligent Forensic Toxicology Approach for Lung Cancer Diagnosis Using Deep Learning Techniques
items: Forensic and Toxicological Evaluation of High-Purity α-PVP (Flakka): Analytical and Structural Characterization of a Potent Synthetic Cathinone
items: Attention-Guided Deep Representation Learning for Suspicious Activity and Anomaly Detection in Cybercrime Forensics Analysis
items: Computed Tomography-Based 3D Analysis of the Sternum for Forensic Age and Sex Estimation in the South Sulawesi Population
items: A Comparative Study of STR Allele Frequencies in Javanese and Chinese Populations Using D5S818, D13S317, and D3S1358
items: Illicit Drug Production in China: A Retrospective Report
items: Rare Case of Suicide by Run-Over Road Traffic Accident- Interpretation and Analysis of Medico-Legal Findings
items: Sex Estimation from Patellar Anthropometric Parameters: An MRI-Based Study in Iranians
items: Identification of Larvae in the Examination of Eight Decomposed Bodies at Sardjito Hospital and Bhayangkara Polda DIY Hospital, Period July – December 2024
items: Ephedrine: From Ancient Remedy to Advances in High-Purity Synthesis and Forensic Identification
items: An Exploratory Study Using an Artificial Neural Network to Predict Fatigue from Mobile Phone Use: A Population-Based Survey in Algeria

Orbital Fissures in South Indian Skulls: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Morphological and Morphometric Analysis
type: item
description: Background: The middle cerebral fossa is accessible from several foramina in orbit. They are referred to as Warwick's foramen, orbito-meningeal foramen, and metopic canal in addition to superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure, and optic canal. Anatomists, ophthalmologists, and maxillofacial surgeons might benefit from the morphometric assessment of orbital fissures in order to prevent damage to the neurovascular bundles that travel through these fissures. To study the dimensions and variations in shape of superior orbital fissure (SOF) and inferior orbital fissure (IOF). Methods: The Department of Anatomy at the Akash Institute of Medical Sciences in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, carried out a cross-sectional study between February 2023 and March 2024. Sixty-six dry human skulls were measured for superior and inferior orbital fissure diameters using a needle divider and manual Vernier callipers. The SOF and IOF morphologies were examined and categorized into various kinds for every orbit. The length and width of the SOF and IOF were among the parameters assessed bilaterally. Nine distinct morphological kinds of SOF and six morphological types of IOF were identified. Applications included descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The most prevalent SOF shape in the current present study was Type VI. The most common IOF shapes were Type I-right and Type II bilaterally, which appeared in 19 orbits out of 66 skulls (28.8%), with 30 orbits on the left (45.5%) and 27 orbits on the right (40.9%).The mean length of SOF was 13.80 mm on the right side and 13.91 mm on the left side. The mean breadth of SOF was 5.90 mm on the right side and 5.84 mm on the left side. The mean length of IOF was 22.21 mm on the right side and 20.98 mm on the left side. The mean breadth of IOF was 6.31 mm on the right side and 6.18 mm on the left side. Conclusion: The morphometry of orbital fissures would facilitate a smooth surgical approach and the design …
creator: K Vasudevmurthy
creator: Vasudha Kulkarni
creator: Usha.C
creator: S Naveen Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
volume: 16
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51380

Reinforcement Learning Guided Hierarchical Multimodal Feature Representation for Oral Cancer Diagnosis via Histopathological Image Analysis
type: item
description: Background: Oral cancer (OC) is a major public health concern due to its high mortality rate. Early detection is crucial to improving the survival chances of affected individuals. Conventionally, histopathological examination is used for the diagnosis of OC. However, existing approaches still encounter challenges in capturing complex histopathological patterns and achieving consistent performance across varying image conditions. Methods: This study proposes a Reinforcement Learning-Based Multimodal Feature Extraction Approach for Early Oral Cancer Detection (RLMFE-OCD) model. The proposed method integrates multiple deep learning models, including GoogLeNet, ResNet-50, and SE-VGG16, to extract diverse and discriminative feature representations. A Deep Q-Network is employed for classification, while the Butterfly Optimization Algorithm is used for hyperparameter optimization. Results: Experimental results on benchmark datasets establish that the RLMFE-OCD model achieves higher performance, with an accuracy of 94.44% compared with existing methods. Conclusion: The RLMFE-OCD framework effectively supports early oral cancer detection through multimodal feature extraction and reinforcement learning. It shows potential as a reliable computer-aided diagnostic approach.
creator: Sherif Baig Ibrahim
creator: Vivekanandan Kalimuthu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-27
publication date: 2026-08-27
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52672

Microplastics in Food and Their Toxicological Effects: A Two-Decade Bibliometric Study (2000–2025)
type: item
description: Background: Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as pervasive contaminants in the global food supply chain, raising growing concerns about their potential toxicological effects on ecosystems and human health. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional bibliometric and science-mapping study of Scopus-indexed publications from 2000 to 2025. Using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix (RStudio), we mapped the scientific landscape of this field, highlighting a marked increase in research output and identifying the leading contributors by authorship, country, and collaboration patterns. Results: Keyword co-occurrence analysis identifies seven dominant research themes spanning marine pollution pathways, toxicological mechanisms, human exposure risks, environmental fate, polymer-specific impacts, interactions with co-contaminants, and ecological effects on the early life stages of aquatic organisms. Conclusion: Temporal evolution analysis highlights a shift from environmental distribution studies toward mechanistic toxicology and human health risk assessment. Despite rapid advances, critical research gaps remain in standardized analytical protocols, long-term exposure effects, and combined-contaminant toxicity. This integrative study offers a strategic overview of scientific progress, identifies knowledge frontiers, and provides guidance for future interdisciplinary research and evidence-based policy development to mitigate microplastic contamination in food systems.
creator: Souad BOUMAIZA
creator: Nawel Benbouguerra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51561

Drift-Aware Resilient Ensemble Deep Learning-based Anomaly Detection Model in Internet of Medical Things
type: item
description: Background: The rapid advancement of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has facilitated continuous health monitoring and real-time physiological data collection. Artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning and deep learning techniques, has become widely employed for anomaly detection. Methods: This research proposes a novel Drift-Aware Resilient Ensemble Deep Learning-based Anomaly Detection Model in Internet of Medical Things Environments (DREAM-IoMT). The proposed method employs a hybrid feature selection strategy integrating Gini-index, recursive feature elimination, and SelectFromModel. For anomaly detection and classification, the proposed DREAM-IoMT model employs a weighted-voting ensemble of a graph convolutional network, a bidirectional temporal convolutional network, and an improved conditional variational autoencoder. This ensemble approach enhances accuracy by accounting for each classifier’s prediction confidence. The ensemble classification model is further optimized using AdamW. Results: The DREAM-IoMT model achieved an accuracy of 98.74%, demonstrating superior anomaly detection performance compared with existing methodologies. Conclusion: The proposed DREAM-IoMT effectively combines feature selection and weighted ensemble deep learning for reliable anomaly detection in IoMT environments.
creator: Vishnu Prasad Devanathan
creator: Saraswathi Selvarajan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-23
publication date: 2026-08-23
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52740

Epidemiological Profile of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq: A Three-Year Retrospective Analysis
type: item
description: Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe disease. It is most commonly spread by the bite of an infected tick of the Hyalomma genus, or by direct contact with blood and bodily fluids of an infected person or other animals. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of hemorrhagic fever cases during 3 years in Thi-Qar province and also study demographic factors. Methods: Data were collected from the records of the Statistics Unit at the Public Health Laboratory. The epidemiological data were collected from the beginning of December 2023 to the end of March 2024. Results: A total of 319 cases, which included 184 (57.7%) males and 135 (42.3%) females. The number of people recovered was 256 (80.3%), whereas the deceased cases recorded were 63 (19.7%). The highest rate of infection appeared in the age group of 20–39 years (41.4%), and the lowest proportion (11.0%) was in the ≥60 years age group. According to occupation, housewives were the highest proportion (37.9%). Total annual infections were recorded 4.7%, 50.8% and 44.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The study highlighted the epidemiological features. The results indicate patterns in the distribution of cases across demographic and geographic variables. We conclude from the current study that occupational and home exposure, especially among housewives, are among the most common cases of hemorrhagic fever.
creator: Rana Ali Othman
creator: Ramiz T. Falih
creator: Ammar Mohammed Atiyah
creator: Fatma M. Mostafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-08
publication date: 2026-08-08
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51963

Context-Aware Hybrid Attention-Enhanced YOLO Framework for Accurate Multi-Scale Scoliosis Detection Using X-Ray Images
type: item
description: Background: Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine curves abnormally, and it can be difficult to identify early because the changes are often subtle and the spine's structure is complex. Traditional manual diagnosis is time-consuming and depends on clinical expertise. Therefore, this study presents a Hybrid Attention-Enhanced YOLO Framework for Accurate Multi-Scale Scoliosis Detection (HAYOLO-MSD) approach. Methods: The proposed model uses a hybrid CNN–Transformer backbone with C2f blocks to capture both local details and global context. A feature fusion module combines these representations for better learning. In the neck, an attention-based APAN replaces traditional FPN and PAN to focus on spinal curvature and abnormalities. The decoupled head separates classification and regression tasks, with attention-enhanced Softmax for prediction. Training is optimized using AdamW, and Grad-CAM provides interpretability by highlighting important regions. Results: Extensive experiments on the Balanced Scoliosis X-ray Dataset demonstrate strong performance of the proposed system. The comparative result analysis demonstrates that the HAYOLO-MSD method achieves 96.56% accuracy on the Balanced Scoliosis X-ray Dataset and 95.73 accuracy on the Mendeley dataset. Conclusion: The proposed HAYOLO-MSD approach provides an effective and accurate framework for multi-scale scoliosis detection, demonstrating strong performance on both the Balanced Scoliosis X-ray dataset and the Mendeley dataset.
creator: Duraikannu Murugasen Kalai Selvi
creator: Periyathambi Ezhumalai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-20
publication date: 2026-08-20
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52666

A Deep Learning–Driven CNN Framework for Early Identification of Retinal Disorders
type: item
description: Background: Early detection of retinal disorders is crucial to prevent vision loss. Traditional methods are time-consuming and prone to error. This study investigates a CNN-based deep learning framework for automating retinal disorder identification. Methods: The study, conducted from January to April 2025 at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, used publicly available retinal image datasets. The CNN model was trained on preprocessed retinal fundus images, with performance evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, and F1-score. Results: The proposed CNN framework exhibited excellent classification performance, achieving an overall accuracy of 94.6%, sensitivity of 93.2%, and specificity of 95.8%. The model successfully identified early-stage retinal abnormalities and demonstrated consistent results across various image samples. These findings suggest that the deep learning approach significantly outperforms conventional methods in early retinal disorder detection. Conclusion: The CNN-based deep learning framework developed in this study provides a highly accurate and reliable tool for the early identification of retinal disorders. This approach has significant potential for integration into computer-aided diagnosis systems and tele-ophthalmology platforms, aiding early clinical decision-making and potentially preventing vision loss.
creator: jalaldeen khan Mohamed
creator: Y Ramchitra
creator: C Gayathri
creator: G Karthiyayini
creator: S Shanmuga Priya
creator: S Lakshmana Nainar Sundar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-11
publication date: 2026-08-11
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51925

A Personalized Context-Aware Recommendation System using Natural Language Processing for Drug Supply Chain Management in Smart City Environments
type: item
description: Background: Personalized Context-Aware Drug Recommendation Systems leverage machine learning (ML) techniques and patient data to provide tailored medication suggestions based on medical history, demographic information, and individual health profiles. By analyzing electronic health records, real-time physiological data, and genomic information, the system provides timely recommendations. This manuscript presents a personalized context-aware drug recommendation system using the optimal deep learning (PCADRS-ODL) method. The proposed technique aims to assist medical professionals in making effective treatment decisions. Methods: Initially, the input data undergoes preprocessing. Then, a BERT-based word embedding approach is employed for feature extraction. Next, the PCADRS-ODL system utilizes a Double Attention-Convolutional Neural Network with a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit framework. Furthermore, the parameters of the DAC-BiGRU model are optimized using the Gannet Optimization Algorithm. Results: Experimental results on a benchmark dataset demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance over existing methods. Conclusion: Overall, the proposed PCADRS-ODL method provides an accurate and effective personalized drug recommendation framework, demonstrating its potential to support clinical decision-making and improve patient-specific treatment outcomes.
creator: Gali Nageswara Rao
creator: Madhavarao Divya shree
creator: Arunachalam Elaiyaraja
creator: Bhanupriya Periaswamy
creator: Mattaparthi Bala Prabhakar
creator: Sandeep Gupta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-08
publication date: 2026-08-08
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52602

Real-Time Medical Resource Allocation in 6G-Enabled IoT Environment using Multi-Head Attention-Based Graph Convolutional Network
type: item
description: Background: The incorporation of sixth-generation (6G) networks with the Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming smart healthcare. The wide range of IoT devices and their offloading demands increase latency and bandwidth requirements, impacting performance. Methods: This study proposes an Attention-based Graph Convolutional Approach for Efficient Medical Resource Allocation (AGCA-EMRA) methodology. The proposed model uses a conditional mutual information maximization-based feature selection approach to identify the most informative features while removing the redundant ones. For classification, a multi-head spatiotemporal attention graph convolutional network captures both spatial and temporal correlations in the data. The model is further optimized using the Ranger optimizer. Results: An extensive experimental analysis is conducted on the IoT-Driven MR Allocation for 6G Network Dataset. The proposed AGCA-EMRA technique exhibits superior performance with an accuracy of 95.97%. Conclusion: The comparative result analysis demonstrates the improvement of the AGDRL-ECFA method and confirms its effectiveness for intelligent cybercrime forensic investigation and decision-support applications.
creator: Arun Chandran
creator: Sundar Santhoshkumar
creator: Jegathesh Jegathesh Amalraj
creator: Thiyagarajan Suresh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-31
publication date: 2026-08-31
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52673

Psychosocial Ramifications of Perceived Dental Aesthetics: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes
type: item
description: Background: A person's dental appearance does more than just affect their smile it shapes their self-confidence, social connections, and overall sense of well-being. The current study was undertaken to investigate the potential link between the psychosocial consequences of dental aesthetics and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among medical students. Methods: This study was conducted with 184 medical students (103 females, Mean: 24.82 ± 1.58 years). Data were collected using two validated questionnaires: the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). Data processing and analysis were carried out in SPSS (v. 26), using descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation tests, with a two-tailed significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Significant correlations were found between all psychosocial dimensions of dental aesthetics and OHRQoL (p < 0.05). Gender did not significantly affect these relationships, but age influenced dental self-confidence and social impacts. Students in advanced academic levels reported higher quality of life compared to junior students. The mean scores for PIDAQ dimensions were as follows: dental self-confidence (12.25 ± 4.77), social impact (5.89 ± 5.88), psychological impact (6.69 ± 5.29), and aesthetic concern (1.62 ± 2.14). The mean OHRQoL score was 12.50 ± 10.90. Conclusion: The findings indicate that satisfaction with dental appearance significantly influences quality of life and psychosocial well-being. However, due to the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported data, causal relationships cannot be established. Future longitudinal studies are needed to further explore these associations, and research should also investigate the potential benefits of combination therapies in addressing dental aesthetic concerns.
creator: Faezeh Sadeghi
creator: Zahra Hashemzade
creator: Azin Farzad
creator: Mohammad Javad Azadchehr
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-22
publication date: 2026-08-22
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52912

Toxicological Pathway Alterations Driven by Cervical microRNAs (miR-21, miR-155, miR-9) in Persistent High-Risk HPV Infection
type: item
description: Background: Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is necessary for cervical carcinogenesis, yet most infections regress. Host microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate cellular stress responses may help discriminate persistent from transient infection. In this study, we evaluated cervical expression of miR-21, miR-155, and miR-9 in relation to oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling in HR-HPV persistence. Methods: Cervical samples from 60 women referred to private laboratories in Tehran, the capital of Iran (2023-2024), were classified as persistent HR-HPV (qPCR-positive at baseline and 9 months), transient HR-HPV (positive at baseline and subsequently cleared), or HPV-negative controls with normal cytology. HPV DNA was monitored seasonally by qPCR; E6/E7 mRNA was assessed using the Aptima assay. miR-21, miR-155, and miR-9 were quantified using stem-loop RT-qPCR with normalization to U6 snRNA; relative expression was calculated by ΔΔCt. Group comparisons were performed using t-tests/ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (p<0.05). Results: miR-21 and miR-155 were significantly elevated in persistent infection versus transient infection and controls (p<0.01). E6/E7 mRNA was detected in all persistent cases. In the transient group, 13/17 (76.5%) were E6/E7 mRNA-negative, whereas 4/17 (23.5%) were mRNA-positive at any time point. miR-21 and miR-155 correlated with E6/E7 mRNA positivity (r=0.74 and r=0.71; p<0.01). Over 12 months, miR-21 and miR-155 increased progressively in persistent infections (both p < 0.01), whereas they remained largely stable in the transient and control groups. miR-9 showed greater intra-group variability, fluctuating without a consistent trajectory and being lower than controls at multiple time points (p<0.05). Low-grade cytological abnormalities (inflammation/CIN1) were more frequent in persistent infections (p<0.05), with no HSIL observed. Conclusions: HR-HPV persistence is associated with sustained upregu…
creator: Kimia Ghadimi
creator: Seyyedeh Masumeh Mirnurollahi
creator: Seyed Ataollah Sadat Shandiz
creator: Behzad Pourhossein
creator: Maryam Bagherian
creator: Zahra Sadat Hashemi
creator: Bahram Zarmehri
creator: Maryam Fazeli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-21
publication date: 2026-03-21
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51848

A Multi-Branch Attention Network for Accurate Brain Tumor Detection
type: item
description: Background: Brain tumors are among the most critical neurological disorders affecting individuals worldwide and are associated with increasing mortality rates. Early and precise tumor classification is essential for effective clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient management. Methods: This study proposes an advanced deep learning-based framework for brain tumor classification using a multi-branch, multi-scale attention network. The proposed architecture extracts significant spatial and contextual features from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. An optimization-based feature selection technique is incorporated to identify the most relevant features, thereby reducing computational complexity and enhancing classification efficiency. The selected features are subsequently processed through a classification model to identify various categories of brain tumors accurately. Results: The proposed method was evaluated using publicly available brain tumor MRI datasets. Experimental results demonstrated improved classification accuracy, robustness, and interpretability when compared with conventional deep learning approaches. Conclusion: The developed framework provides an efficient and reliable automated system for brain tumor diagnosis and has strong potential to support medical professionals in clinical decision-making and early disease detection.
creator: K. Jayaprakasam
creator: G. Mahendran
creator: Jalaldeen Khan Mohamed
creator: G. Karthigaipriya
creator: N. Naveen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-06-23
publication date: 2026-06-23
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52106

Neural Network–Based Multi-Level Classification for Region-Oriented CT Lung Image Analysis
type: item
description: Background: Lung cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and computed tomography (CT) imaging plays a vital role in its diagnosis, follow-up, and medico-legal evaluation. However, manual interpretation of CT images is time-consuming and often affected by inter-observer variability, particularly in resource-limited settings. Methods: This study proposes a region-oriented CT lung image analysis framework that integrates Fuzzy Possibilistic C-Means (FPCM) segmentation with a multi-level neural network classifier. After preprocessing, CT images are segmented to delineate lung parenchyma, nodules, and surrounding tissues. Intensity, texture, and shape-based features are then extracted, and a hierarchical neural network is employed to progressively classify lung regions, abnormalities, and suspicious cancer-related patterns. Results: Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed framework outperforms conventional clustering techniques and single-level classifiers. Improved performance is observed in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Dice similarity coefficient, along with a reduction in false positive detections across diverse CT lung images. Conclusion: The proposed automated framework provides an accurate and cost-effective solution for CT lung image analysis. Its robustness and interpretability make it suitable for clinical diagnosis as well as medical toxicology and forensic applications, including deployment in resource-constrained environments.
creator: Jalaldeen Khan Mohamed
creator: K Jayaprakasam
creator: M Pandimadevi
creator: M Vadivel
creator: K Ashokkumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51398

Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle Factors on Diabetes Control in Iraqi Patients
type: item
description: Background: A serious public health issue in Iraq is diabetes mellitus (DM), which is becoming more common due to demographic and lifestyle factors. The purpose of this research is to examine the association between smoking behaviors, body mass index (BMI), and age in Iraqi patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Diabetes Center, Al-Mustansiriya University, between September and December 2016. A total of 300 diabetic patients aged 30–84 years were enrolled and classified into five groups based on age and gender. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and daily cigarette consumption were measured. Results: Among patients aged 50–59, males had the highest mean FBG (462.0 ± 96.3 mg/dl) and BMI (35.7 ± 29.4 kg/m²). Across all age groups, female patients' BMI remained elevated, and patients aged 50–69 years had the highest HbA1c readings. Male and female patients showed the most significant positive relationships between FBG and HbA1c (r = 0.631 in Group E). There was little correlation between smoking and FBG, except for a moderately positive correlation in middle-aged women, and a weak and erratic correlation between BMI and FBG. Conclusion: In Iraqi diabetic patients, age and BMI have a significant impact on glycemic control, especially in middle-aged people. Poor glycemic control is more consistently associated with BMI in female patients. In some subgroups, smoking may exacerbate glycemic indices, although its impact seems to be limited. It is advised to implement focused weight-control and smoking cessation strategies to improve diabetes outcomes.
creator: Ammal Ibrahim
creator: Saba Hamid
creator: Ahlam Ismael Al-Obaidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50340

Sliding scale regimen versus basal bolus insulin regime for hyperglycemia management in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
type: item
description: Background: Since type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming more common, it is crucial to implement an appropriate care plan for these patients' hyperglycemia to lower the risk of complications. While Sliding Scale Insulin (SSI) has been the traditional approach, Basal-bolus insulin (BBI) therapy is a promising strategy and is increasingly recommended. We aimed to compare the efficacy of SSI versus BBI regimens in hospitalized patients with T2DM. Methods: The demographics, complications, and type of insulin therapy for type 2 diabetic hospitalized patients were recorded from patients’ archived documents. Results: We observed that 59.7% of the patients were treated for SSI accompanied by macrovascular complications. While 37.8% of patients treated with BBI had macrovascular complications, the difference between the BBI & SSI groups was statistically significant. For microvascular complications, also, a statistically significant difference was detected between the BBI & SSI groups (P-value = 0.001). Only 18.6% & 17.2% of the patients developed hypoglycemia in the BBI group & SSI group, respectively. We evaluated the efficacy of both treatments on daily random blood glucose (RBG) in our patients for 1 week; a slight decrease in RBG was observed between the first & the seventh days of treatment in the SSI group. An obvious improvement was observed in the BBI, indicating that BBI was more effective at controlling RBG than SSI. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that BBI therapy was superior to SSI therapy in achieving ideal blood glucose levels, with fewer hypoglycemic episodes and cardiovascular events.
creator: Sarah Jaafar Saadoon
creator: Hayder Hamid Al-Anbari
creator: Thair L. Jabbar
creator: Fatma M. Mostafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50965

Deep Convolutional Multi-Feature Fusion Approach for Early Laryngeal Carcinoma Detection using Narrow-Band Medical Imaging
type: item
description: Background: Laryngeal carcinoma (LC) is one of the major cancers affecting the head and neck region, where delayed diagnosis can reduce survival rate and affect vocal function. Although medical image-based automated detection systems are useful and accurate, LC detection remains challenging due to variations in inter-class differences, unclear lesion boundaries, noise, and the distinct appearance of malignant tissues. The current state of the art in deep learning models relies on single-network feature extraction approaches, which restricts the ability to derive spatial and semantic representations from complex laryngeal images. Methods: To address these issues, this paper presents an Artificial Intelligence-based Deep Convolutional Feature Fusion Model (AI-DCFFM) for Robust LC Detection using Medical Imaging. The presented method extracts deep features using MobileNetV2, DenseNet, and CapsNet architectures. Further, a parallel maximum covariance (PMC) based fusion strategy is introduced to combine the complementary feature representations obtained from the multiple DL models. Results: For classification, a deep belief network (DBN) classifier is used to differentiate healthy and cancerous tissues. Additionally, the zebra optimization algorithm (ZOA) has been employed for optimal tuning of DBN hyperparameters to enhance the detection performance. The proposed model can be assessed by utilizing the benchmark laryngeal image dataset containing four tissue classes. Conclusion: Experimental outcomes indicate that the proposed technique accomplishes boosted classification performance with an accuracy of 99.35%, outperforming existing methods under different evaluation metrics. The experimentation outcomes highlight the efficiency of the proposed method for reliable computer-aided LC diagnosis.
creator: Annamalai Gopinath
creator: Bharathi Alagiri
creator: Karthikeyan Kasi
creator: Kayalvili Sundaramoorthy
creator: Biju Theruvil Sayed
creator: Vivek Marotrao Korde
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-01
publication date: 2026-08-01
volume: 16
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52406

Plasma Cell–Rich Viral Myocarditis Identified at Autopsy: A Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Viral myocarditis is a clinically significant inflammatory disease of the myocardium and a well-established cause of sudden and unexpected death, particularly in young and middle-aged individuals. Histopathological diagnosis at autopsy may be challenging, especially when inflammatory patterns deviate from classic lymphocytic predominance. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 37-year-old man with a known history of chronic heart failure and seizures who presented with generalized weakness and died within 24 hours of hospital admission despite supportive management. A complete medicolegal autopsy with detailed histopathological examination was performed. Microscopic evaluation revealed plasma cell–rich lymphocytic myocarditis, accompanied by pathological findings consistent with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), including diffuse interstitial edema and inflammatory infiltration of the lungs. Additional findings included mild hepatitis and acute tubular necrosis, indicating multiorgan involvement. Conclusion: The constellation of findings supports death due to fulminant viral myocarditis associated with systemic inflammatory response and secondary ARDS. This case highlights the diagnostic value of meticulous myocardial histopathological assessment, particularly the recognition of plasma cells as supportive evidence of viral myocarditis, and underscores the potential for rapid clinical deterioration and fatal outcome in patients with underlying cardiac disease.
creator: Samiramis Qavam
creator: Mohamad Saeid Emaminia
creator: Hanie Bakhtiyari
creator: Mohamadreza Hafezi Ahmadi
creator: Amin Bakhtiyari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-17
publication date: 2026-08-17
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52537

Dual Organophosphate and Paraquat Poisoning: Successful Management with Early Hemoperfusion and Ventilation: A Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Organophosphate poisoning is a major public health issue in many low and middle-income countries. Paraquat, a widely used herbicide, can often cause severe, usually fatal poisoning in humans. Dual poisoning involving both organophosphates and paraquat is rare. Case Presentation: A 17-year-old male who ingested both substances was admitted to the emergency department intensive care unit. He was treated with four sessions of hemoperfusion, along with intravenous atropine and pralidoxime. After the fourth hemoperfusion, the patient developed respiratory distress due to acute cholinergic syndrome secondary to organophosphate poisoning, requiring endotracheal intubation. By day five, his clinical condition improved, and he was extubated. Six hours after extubation, he developed sudden respiratory distress and was re-intubated with a 7.5 mm endotracheal tube and connected to a mechanical ventilator. The patient was diagnosed with intermediate syndrome secondary to organophosphate poisoning, and atropine infusion was restarted. By day seven, his condition improved and he was successfully weaned off ventilation. He was discharged hemodynamically stable on day 10. Conclusion: This mixed organophosphate-paraquat poisoning case was clinically complex and challenging. Management involved a combination of mechanical ventilation and hemoperfusion, which had to be carefully titrated. Further studies are needed to improve treatment protocols and outcomes for mixed poisoning cases.
creator: Ramesh Yelanati
creator: Dharanindra Moturu
creator: Ramesh Babu Potineni
creator: Supriya Rayana
creator: Mohammad Noor Shaik
creator: Sravani Thommandru
creator: Kondaveeti Devaki
creator: Kavya Sruthi Grandhi
creator: Jahnavi Naga Pavani Pucha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50986

Severe Zinc Poisoning in the Peruvian Amazon: A Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Zinc is an essential trace element for humans, although its excessive and prolonged ingestion or inhalation can cause harmful health problems. Case Presentation: We report the clinical case of a 25-year-old male patient from Yambrasbamba, Amazonas, Peru, who carried out agricultural and livestock activities in an area adjacent to a zinc oxide mining project closed in 2007 and 2008. The patient was admitted to the Lambayeque Regional Hospital with initial symptoms of decreased muscle strength, low back pain, nausea and vomiting, vesicular skin rash and polydipsia. Supporting tests revealed a notable increase in transaminases and total creatine phosphokinase and abdominal radiological image with multiple metallic calcifications along the colon. The history of consuming spring water with unusual organoleptic characteristics suggested environmental exposure to heavy metals. Analysis confirmed the diagnosis of chronic zinc poisoning. Compared with poisonings by other metals, such as mercury, zinc showed distinctive cutaneous symptoms and a favourable response to supportive measures. Conclusion: This case underlines the importance of considering environmental exposures in the differential diagnosis of patients with non-specific symptoms and highlights the need to raise awareness of the risks associated with zinc and other heavy metal poisoning in rural settings.
creator: Heber Silva-Díaz
creator: Angie Vilma Serrato-Monja
creator: Piero Giussepe Estela-Moretti
creator: José Luis Daza-Arévalo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51522

Bupropion-Induced Cardiotoxicity in the Setting of Fluoxetine Therapy: A Case Study
type: item
description: Background and Aim: Bupropion, a monocyclic phenylethylamine antidepressant, is the only FDA-approved synthetic cathinone, commonly prescribed as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and smoking cessation. Case Presentation: Although traditionally considered non-serotonergic, bupropion overdose has been associated with serotonin syndrome (SS), particularly when combined with other serotonergic agents like fluoxetine. Bupropion overdose may cause tachycardia, QRS widening, and QTc prolongation, but these effects are usually transient and resolve within a few days. Co-ingestion with other drugs can worsen toxicity. Sodium bicarbonate shows inconsistent benefit, and while most patients recover fully, severe cases can occasionally result in fatal arrhythmias. The management of bupropion toxicity encompasses administration of activated charcoal for recent ingestion, stabilization of cardiovascular and neurological function, and continuous cardiac monitoring due to the potential for arrhythmias and QT interval prolongation. Sodium bicarbonate may be considered in cases of QRS complex widening despite lack of evidence. Benzodiazepines represent the primary therapy for seizure activity and agitation. Supportive care measures—including intravenous fluid administration, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and temperature regulation—are crucial, especially in addressing delayed complications associated with extended-release bupropion formulations. This case describes a young woman with depression who overdosed on bupropion while taking fluoxetine. She developed recurrent seizures, QT prolongation, ventricular tachycardia, and cardiovascular collapse, ultimately requiring ECMO. Extubation failed on day four, and she died on day seven. Conclusion: The case underscores the risk of severe complications from bupropion-fluoxetine toxicity, stressing the importance of close monitoring and prompt intervention.
creator: Wala Sati
creator: Sujood Abdelwakeel
creator: Yagen Ismail
creator: Tibyan Yahya
creator: Mohammed Elrayah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51512

Unusual Case of Long Drop Hanging with Sub-occipitomastoid Ligature Knot and Cut Throat Injury over the Laryngotracheal Region: Forensic and Medico-legal Implications
type: item
description: Background: Suicide ranks as the primary cause of mortality among Indian individuals between 15 and 34 years old. The investigation of crime scenes is essential to distinguish between suicide and homicide cases. People who suffer cut-throat injuries are more likely to have been murdered than to have killed themselves. Suicidal incised wounds most commonly appear in the anterior neck area next to the laryngo-tracheal region and often show signs of hesitational cuts. Case Presentation: The victim, a 25-year-old male, average build, used a razor blade to create an incised wound in his laryngo-tracheal region before ending his life through hanging. The deceased committed suicide in his parents' house by using a bedsheet as a soft ligature that was attached to a ceiling fan with the help of a chair. Fatal asphyxia resulted from neck constriction and soft tissue trauma due to the specific length and placement of the ligature. The knot of the ligature was located at the sub-occipitomastoid area on his neck. The investigation of this unique case focuses on understanding how neck trauma played a role in causing death. Conclusion: This research presents an atypical suicide case involving self-inflicted damage to the laryngo-tracheal area combined with a ligature knot positioned at the sub-occipitomastoid region. Forensic experts conducted an extensive examination that involved analyzing the crime scene structure, body placement, and blood splatter patterns to establish the manner of death. No defensive injuries combined with hesitation marks and knot placement, along with bloodstains on fingertips and seminal discharge, indicated suicide as the cause of death. The case demonstrates how autopsy results combined with detailed scene examination are essential to differentiate between suicide and homicide in difficult cases.
creator: Narendra K. Singh Raghav
creator: Vivek K Singh
creator: Gursirat Khokhar
creator: Aaryan Shankar Pai
creator: Nrashant Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51648

A University Student Suicide with Possible Copycat Features: A Forensic Case Report
type: item
description: intersection of public health and forensic science. Many students face intense academic pressure, emotional burden, and social instability, all of which can contribute to suicidal thoughts and actions. One particularly troubling aspect is the “copycat” phenomenon, where exposure to another person’s suicide, whether through media, social networks, or personal connections. Those all can lead to imitative behavior, especially among young people. Although this effect is recognized worldwide, there is a lack of detailed forensic documentation in Southeast Asia. Case Presentation: This report examines the case of a 20-year-old female undergraduate who died after a fail. The external examination revealed multiple healed scars on her forearm, indicating a history of self-harm, and severe head injuries consistent with a high-impact fall. Friends reported that she had recently sent messages that sounded like farewells, and there were rumors of a previous suicide at a nearby institution. The presence of similar stressors, a history of self-harm, and contextual similarities suggest that the possibility of a copycat effect should not be overlooked, even if a direct link cannot be confirmed. Conclusion: This case highlights the urgent need for thorough forensic investigations and stronger mental health support systems on university campuses. Preventing suicide contagion among students requires not only careful documentation but also responsible media reporting and targeted interventions for those at risk. By addressing these factors, we can work towards reducing the spread of suicide and protecting vulnerable students.
creator: Baiq Annisa Pratiwi
creator: I Gusti Lanang Bumi Agung
creator: Alvina Setiawardani
creator: Ahmad Yudianto
creator: Renny Sumino
creator: Prasillia Ramadhani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51002

Medico-Legal Autopsy Case of Fatal Traumatic Injuries in a Pedestrian sustained from a Road Traffic Accident caused by Impact with a Stray Dog
type: item
description: Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a serious social problem, both for individuals and their families, and have their own importance for the protection of public health. Case Presentation: In the interest of such fatality and morbidity, we present a case of a fatal road traffic accident of a man struck by a stray dog hit by a vehicle at high speed. Even in the field of Forensic Medicine, such cases are an increased level of expert difficulty; that’s why for correct interpretation of the manner of crime and mechanism of injuries, systematic and complex detailed analysis must be performed, including crime scene examination, evidence analysis, rich autopsy assessment, and additional video surveillance analysis. Conclusion: Recent case report shows that a systematic approach remains essential for increasing road safety and protecting vulnerable road users.
creator: Ivan Tsranchev
creator: Pavel Timonov
creator: Antoaneta Fasova
creator: Biliana Mileva
creator: Metodi Goshev
creator: Hristian Ankov
creator: Velina Stoeva
creator: Biser Ivanov
creator: Mihail Tsranchev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51962

Forensic Determination of Wet Drowning in a River Utilizing Pennales Diatom Analysis: A Forensic Autopsy Report
type: item
description: Background: Drowning remains a significant cause of unintentional mortality, requiring comprehensive forensic investigation to determine the mechanism and circumstances of death. Case Presentation: This case report is about a 30-year-old person whose name is not known and who was found in a freshwater river. After that, they were examined on the outside, inside and in other ways. The external findings included fine, frothy fluid coming from the airways, livor mortis that made the skin look pale, rigor mortis of the upper extremities, signs of hypoxia, and maceration of the hands. An internal examination found the Nile sign, no structural problems with the major organs, and stomach contents that were consistent with recent eating. Ancillary tests showed a positive diatom test with Pennales diatoms found in over 10 fields, which supports the idea of freshwater drowning. Conclusion: However, the lung fluid study had a chance of false positives because the body had been preserved for a long time. This case underscores the persistent necessity for comprehensive forensic evaluation encompassing diatom analysis, organ examination and contextual interpretation to ascertain drowning as the cause of death.
creator: R. Ananda Nuriman
creator: I Gusti Lanang Bumi Agung
creator: Alvina Setiawardani
creator: Ahmad Yudianto
creator: Renny Sumino
creator: Prasillia Ramadhani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51138

Death Due to Blunt Force Trauma Disguised as Suicide by Hanging: A Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Simulated hanging, also referred to as pseudohanging or postmortem suspension, is a form of death-scene manipulation in which a body is positioned to resemble suicidal hanging. Distinguishing true hanging from simulated hanging remains a medicolegal challenge because no single autopsy finding is pathognomonic. Case Presentation: A 31-year-old woman was reported to have been found in a hanging-like position on the stairs of her house. Initial scene information suggested suicide by hanging. External examination revealed fixed purple-red livor mortis, complete rigor mortis, abrasions and contusions on the face and scalp, and no characteristic ligature mark on the neck. Internal examination showed right scalp hemorrhage, subdural and bilateral subarachnoid hemorrhage, blood extravasation in the neck soft tissues, and an intact hyoid bone. The available record did not document the measured volume of the intracranial hemorrhage, a detailed map of subarachnoid extension, the presence or absence of cerebral edema, toxicological findings, histopathological confirmation, or interpretable touch-DNA results. Conclusion: The integration of scene information, external examination, internal autopsy findings, and the limitations of the available supportive evidence indicated that simulated hanging was more probable than true suicidal hanging. The most plausible cause of death was blunt force trauma to the head with intracranial hemorrhage; however, the independent lethality of the intracranial hemorrhage could not be quantified because detailed volumetric and cerebral edema data were unavailable. This case emphasizes the need for complete medicolegal autopsy and careful correlation between scene findings and biological evidence when death is initially suspected to be suicidal hanging.
creator: Meylia Puspitasari
creator: I Gusti Lanang Bumi Agung
creator: Ahmad Yudianto
creator: Eni Purwaningsih
creator: Wimbuh Tri Widodo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-17
publication date: 2026-08-17
volume: 16
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52607

Helium Inhalation Suicide: Hypoxic Asphyxia and Gas Embolism as Dual Mechanisms of Death: A Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Helium is an inert gas without inherent toxic properties, which explains its widespread use in both industrial and medical settings. However, despite its chemical inertness, inhalation of helium can cause severe oxygen displacement within the respiratory system, leading to tissue hypoxia and potentially fatal outcomes. Case Presentation: Cases of helium intoxication pose particular clinical and forensic difficulties because toxicological examinations may not always produce positive findings. Death associated with helium exposure is primarily caused by hypoxia resulting from the mechanical replacement of oxygen during breathing. Conclusion: Due to the largely non-specific morphological findings observed at autopsy, establishing the cause and manner of death requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates scene investigation, forensic pathology, toxicology, and criminalistic analysis.
creator: Dear Prof.Ivan Tsranchev
creator: Teodora Gudelova
creator: Kristina Hadzhieva
creator: Plamena Dineva
creator: Mirena Sotirova
creator: Kaloyana Hristeva
creator: Fares Ezeldin
creator: Dimitar Dimitrov
creator: Antoaneta Fasova
creator: Pavel Timonov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52075

Fluconazole-Induced Stevens–Johnson Syndrome in a Type 2 Diabetic Male: A Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening mucocutaneous hypersensitivity reaction, most commonly induced by drugs. Fluconazole, an antifungal agent widely used to treat candidiasis, is infrequently associated with SJS. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 37-year-old male with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus admitted with multiple oral ulcers, erythematous genital lesions, and excoriation of skin over hands and feet. He had been diagnosed with oral candidiasis and candidal balanitis five days earlier and was on oral Fluconazole 150 mg daily. On admission, the dose was escalated to 200 mg intravenously and subsequently to 250 mg. Within three days, the patient developed crusted erosions over the lips and buccal mucosa, with erythematous erosions over the genitalia, suggestive of SJS. Fluconazole was immediately withdrawn, and systemic corticosteroid therapy was initiated along with supportive care. The patient showed gradual improvement with re-epithelialization and complete recovery over one week. Conclusion: This case highlights the rare occurrence of Fluconazole-induced SJS and underscores the importance of early recognition, prompt withdrawal of the offending drug, and multidisciplinary management to prevent morbidity.
creator: Maryam .
creator: Salma Wajid
creator: Anas Fatima
creator: Ahmed Hasan Mohiuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51004

Exploring The Safety and Phytochemical Composition of Nanoherbal Formulations from Phyllanthus Emblica L. Fruit
type: item
description: Background: Phyllanthus emblica L. exhibits notable antioxidant and therapeutic activities attributed to phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical constituents of P. emblica fruit nanoherbs and evaluate their acute oral toxicity. Methods: Both in silico and in vivo approaches were employed. Toxicity tests were conducted using a fixed-dose method, followed by clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological assessments of the liver and kidneys in Wistar rats. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. In silico predictions using SwissADME, Pro-Tox II, and pkCSM showed LD₅₀ values ranging from 159 to 2500 mg/kg. Quercetin and kojic acid were classified as moderately toxic (class 3), while nicotinamide was categorized as practically non-toxic (class 5) with a potential hepatotoxic risk. In vivo studies demonstrated no significant changes in body weight, organ weight, or mortality up to 5000 mg/kg, and histopathological examinations confirmed preserved hepatic and renal structures, with only mild alterations at the highest dose. Conclusion: Overall, nanoherbs derived from P. emblica fruit were found to be safe in acute and subchronic exposure, supporting their potential application in pharmaceutical development.
creator: - Masfria
creator: Nurul Suci
creator: Hafid Syahputra
creator: Aminah Dalimunthe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50297

Impact of Temperature, Storage Duration, and Preservative Addition on the Stability of Tramadol in Urine Samples
type: item
description: Background: Precise detection of drugs in urine samples is crucial in both clinical and forensic settings. However, the pre-analytical phase, which encompasses sample handling before testing, can significantly affect results. Additionally, Forensic investigations may involve longer storage periods than traditional clinical scenarios with immediate testing; therefore, proper sample collection and storage are essential to ensure accurate analysis. This study aims to evaluate the impact of temperature and storage duration on the stability of target compounds in urine samples. Methods: Specifically, the research paper analyzes the impact of different storage conditions, i.e., freezing vs. refrigeration, on the detectability of Tramadol. The stability of Tramadol under the following temperatures (room temperature, 40°C, 4°C, and -20°C) with the preservatives in place and without them in place in the presence of urine samples (n= 240) was established. Findings indicate the nature of the interconnection among Tramadol stability, temperature, and storage time. Results: We have determined that the conditions that gave the most stable state with Tramadol were those that provided a reasonable degree of stability over time after one month, mild loss of concentration after three months, and comparative degradation after six months, under storage at -20°C and with the preservative. The reason is that the sample can also be kept in Formaldehyde, as it is an antibacterial agent in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Conclusion: These findings imply that one must be careful when measuring urine temperatures to maintain the integrity of the samples used for proper drug testing. The impact of such a discovery extends widely to health care professionals, toxicologists, and laboratory analysts within the urine drug testing industry. These findings hold significant implications for healthcare professionals, toxicologists, and laboratory analysts involved in urine drug testing. Ulti…
creator: Mohammed Ali Ahmed Alwaeel Alwaeel
creator: Noora Mohammed Juma
creator: Naser Ansari
creator: Nrashant Singhb
creator: Lamis Nader
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 15
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50412

Troponin as a Prognostic Biomarker for Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study
type: item
description: Background: Troponin has been widely recognized as a key prognostic biomarker for predicting mortality in patients with severe COVID-19. This study aimed to assess the relationship between troponin concentration and mortality in patients infected with the Delta variant of COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study included 40 hospitalized COVID-19 patients aged 18 to 65 years, classified as having moderate or severe disease. Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular or muscular disorders, prior use of anticoagulants, or non-standard treatment protocols were excluded to reduce confounding. All participants had documented serum troponin levels measured at admission (troponin 0) and repeated six hours later (troponin 6). Data on demographics, comorbidities, laboratory findings, and clinical outcomes were extracted from medical records. Statistical analyses were performed to assess correlations between troponin levels and disease severity. Results: Serum troponin levels showed a significant positive correlation with age (r = 0.482, P = 0.002) and were notably higher among retired individuals (H = 6.45, P = 0.040). No significant association was found between troponin levels and clinical symptoms (P > 0.05). A significant negative correlation was observed between diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and troponin (r = –0.421, P = 0.008). Patients who died had significantly elevated troponin levels (U = 0.62, P = 0.001). A troponin cutoff value of 15.5 ng/L predicted mortality with 70.6% sensitivity and 90.9% specificity. Conclusion: The findings of this report indicate that elevated troponin concentrations were more frequently observed in older individuals and in patients with lower DBP. Moreover, higher troponin levels were significantly associated with increased mortality, likely due to direct cardiac damage from SARS-CoV-2 or the body’s inflammatory response to the infection.
creator: Hassan Rajabi Moghaddam
creator: Mehrdad Simani
creator: Delara Golabi
creator: Hossein Akbari
creator: Fatemeh Zarei
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-16
publication date: 2026-03-16
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50711

Physiological Dysregulation After Vitamin D Abuse in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: An Emphasis on Dysfunction of the Calcium–PTH Axis
type: item
description: Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients frequently have vitamin D insufficiency, although vitamin D therapy is still debatable because of worries about aggravating hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. This study examines the physiological effects of excessive vitamin D supplementation on the calcium-PTH axis in PHPT patients. Methods: This retrospective investigation was performed on 68 PHPT patients. Our patients were split into two groups: the over-supplementation group (26) and the standard-dose group (42 patients). At baseline, one week, one month, two months, and four months after supplementation, serum ionized calcium (iCa), total calcium, PTH, phosphorus, fasting urine calcium/creatinine ratio (uCa/Cr), 25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH)₂D were measured. Results: The 25(OH)D levels in the over-supplementation group rose from 14.8±4.2 ng/mL at baseline to 185.6±42.3 ng/mL at one week (p< 0.001). At one week, iCa increased considerably from 1.36±0.05 mmol/L to 1.53±0.09 mmol/L (p<0.001). uCa/Cr rose from 0.30±0.12 mg/mg to 0.52±0.18 mg/mg (p<0.001). At one week, PTH levels dropped from 158.4±45.6 pg/mL to 52.3±22.1 pg/mL (p< 0.001). There was no substantial hypercalcemia or PTH oversuppression in the standard-dose group, but there was a slight elevation in 25(OH)D (to 38.5±8.2 ng/mL). Conclusion: Vitamin D over-supplementation in PHPT patients results in moderate, reversible hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria without renal damage, indicating that cautious, guideline-directed vitamin D replacement is safe in this population.
creator: Sarah Jaafar Saadoon
creator: Rabab H. Qassim
creator: Ammar Mohammed Atiyah
creator: Fatma Mostafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-22
publication date: 2026-08-22
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51811

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Retrospective Descriptive Study Carried Out at the Toxicology Service of Bab El-Oued University Hospital between 2023 and 2025
type: item
description: Background: Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) comprises clinical manifestations resulting from the abrupt cessation of prenatal exposure to psychoactive substances. Although classically associated with opioids, increasing exposure to nonopioid substances has altered its epidemiological profile. Our goal is to characterize newborns referred for suspected NAS, identify the psychoactive substances involved, and evaluate the concordance between maternal history, neonatal clinical presentation, and toxicological findings. Methods: We conducted a monocentric, retrospective descriptive study at the Toxicology Service of Bab El Oued University Hospital (Algiers) between January 2023 and December 2025. Newborns were included if they were investigated because of clinical signs, maternal history, or social risk factors. Data were collected from toxicology service registries, and urinary drug screening was performed in newborns and, when available, their mothers, using qualitative immunochromatographic assays. Results: Seventy-five newborns were included, with a marked increase in annual cases over the study period. A male predominance was observed (sex ratio 1.70), and 50.7% were screened within the first 24 hours of life. Toxicological screening was positive in 60.0% of newborns. Pregabalin was the predominant substance, detected in 91.1% (41/45) of positive cases and as the sole agent in 64.4%. Polysubstance exposure occurred in 17.33% of cases, most commonly pregabalin combined with cocaine. Respiratory distress, tremors, hyperexcitability, and feeding difficulties were the most frequent clinical signs. In mother–newborn dyads with paired testing, toxicological findings contradicted or expanded maternal declarations in 57.1% (8/14) of cases. Conclusion: Pregabalin was the substance most frequently detected among newborns investigated for suspected NAS in this Algerian cohort, suggesting a regional pattern that warrants confirmation in prospective, population-based studies.
creator: Imane Kolli
creator: Nouha Meriem Mazouzi
creator: Manel Hiba Mahiouz
creator: Salima Ettaieb Errahmani
creator: Salma Kaddour
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-27
publication date: 2026-08-27
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52805

Mapping Global Research on Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress: A Bibliometric Approach (2000–2025)
type: item
description: Background: This study provides a bibliometric overview of global research on the toxicological impacts of nanoparticles (NPs), with a particular focus on oxidative stress in environmental systems. Methods: A total of 1507 documents published between 2000 and 2025 were retrieved from the Scopus database. Using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer, we analysed leading countries and authors, keyword co-occurrence, publication trends, and research gaps. Results: Scientific output in this field has increased rapidly, with an average annual growth rate of 24.15% and a mean of 41.98 citations per article, indicating substantial scholarly impact. Oxidative stress emerged as the central theme, with particular emphasis on the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems. Conclusion: Despite the field's strong growth, important gaps remain, including limited work on chronic exposure, interactions between NPs and other pollutants, and effects on non-model organisms.
creator: Souad Boumaiza
creator: AMEL Ferahtia
creator: Hanene Abed
creator: Walid Ait Hammouda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50787

Therapeutic Effects of Cordia myxa-Derived Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite on the Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatosplenic Histopathology in a Murine Model
type: item
description: Background: Doxorubicin (DOX), a strong antineoplastic agent, has been linked to remarkable dose-limiting hepatotoxicity and splenic injury. Cordia myxa, a medicinal plant, has been investigated for its organ-protective and antioxidant properties and offers potential as a potential antidote. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery may improve therapeutic efficacy. This research aimed to determine the therapeutic capability of a zinc oxide-derived nano formulation of Cordia myxa extract against liver and spleen damage in albino mice caused by the DOX-induced histopathology Methods: The six cohorts (n=8) comprised 48 male albino mice. Distilled water was administered to the control group. The experimental groups were administered either the nano-extract (5 or 10 mg/kg), DOX (0.12 mg/kg), or a mixture of these for a duration of 30 days. The splenic and hepatic tissues were subjected to histopathological analysis after the treatment through the Eosin (H&E) and Hematoxylin staining. Results: The group subjected to only DOX demonstrated significant hepatic architectural derangement, including binucleation and hepatocyte atrophy, as well as distinct splenic congestion and red pulp expansion. In contrast, subjects administered nano-extract demonstrated normal tissue histology. Simultaneous nano-extract administration, especially at a 10 mg/kg dose, markedly reduced these pathological alterations, preserving near-normal hepatic integrity and diminishing splenic changes. Conclusion: The nano formulation of Cordia myxa offers significant defense against DOX-induced histopathological injuries in the spleen and liver. The results indicate its potential use, as it can aid in improving the organ toxicity that has been linked to chemotherapy.
creator: Reem Abdul Raheem Mirdan Alsaad
creator: Batool A. Hussien
creator: Ahmed Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51397

Evaluating the Protective Role of Rutin Against Azithromycin-Induced Hepatorenal Histopathological Changes in Albino Rats
type: item
description: Background: Azithromycin, a widely used macrolide antibiotic, is associated with dose-dependent hepatorenal toxicity primarily mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation. Rutin, a natural flavonoid, possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can mitigate organ damage. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Rutin to ameliorate azithromycin-induced histopathological alterations in the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Methods: Thirty-six adult male albino rats (180–200 g) were allocated into five groups: a control group (normal saline), groups receiving azithromycin (30 mg/kg) for 7 (T1) or 14 days (T2), and groups receiving concurrent azithromycin and rutin (50 mg/kg) for 7 (T3) or 14 days (T4). After the treatment period, liver and kidney tissues (one kidney per animal) were harvested for histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results: Azithromycin administration induced a significant time-dependent histopathological damage. The T2 group (14-day azithromycin treatment) exhibited severe hepatic injury, including hepatocellular necrosis, sinusoidal dilatation, and inflammatory infiltration, as well as renal damage characterized by glomerular atrophy and tubular necrosis. Cotreatment with Rutin markedly attenuated these effects. The T4 group (14-day cotreatment) showed near-complete preservation of the hepatic architecture and renal histology, with minimal signs of inflammation and cellular damage. Conclusion: Co-administration of Rutin confers significant protection against azithromycin-induced hepatorenal damage, attributed to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These findings highlight the potential of Rutin as an effective adjuvant therapy to minimize antibiotic-associated organ toxicity.
creator: Reem Abdul Raheem Mirdan Alsaad
creator: Mariam Mohammed Burhan
creator: Hameda Abd Al-Mhdi Ghazi
creator: Hussein Abbas Selman
creator: Ahmed Ibraheem Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50320

Timing-Dependent Effects of Fluoxetine and 808 nm Photobiomodulation in CORT/H₂O₂-Stressed SH-SY5Y Cells
type: item
description: Background: Major depressive disorder is associated with glucocorticoid dysregulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial disturbance. Cellular systems can examine selected components of these processes but do not reproduce the clinical disorder. To examine the timing-dependent effects of fluoxetine and 808 nm photobiomodulation (PBM), alone and together, in CORT/H₂O₂-stressed SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were exposed concurrently to corticosterone and hydrogen peroxide (100 µM each) for 24 h. Fluoxetine (1 µM) and PBM (808 nm, 50 mW, 0.2 cm² beam area, 250 mW/cm², 40 s; calculated nominal fluence 10 J/cm²) were applied before, during, or after stress. Cell viability, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed. Reported p-values derive from exploratory one-way analyses and do not estimate factorial interactions. Results: The combined stress condition was associated with lower viability and GSH and higher MDA and IL-6 than the control. In the original exploratory comparisons, co- and post-treatment generally showed more favorable viability and redox outcomes than pretreatment. The combined intervention showed favorable mean responses at several time points, with concurrent treatment showing the broadest redox pattern and post-treatment showing the lowest mean IL-6. Conclusion: Fluoxetine and PBM were associated with timing-dependent cytoprotective patterns in this cellular stress system. Because factorial interactions were not tested, biochemical endpoints were not documented as cell- or protein-normalized, and the model does not represent major depressive disorder, the findings are hypothesis-generating and do not establish synergy, mechanism, clinical efficacy, or safety.
creator: Zahraa Qusay Muslim
creator: Salman Mohammad Salman
creator: Kaiser N. Madhlom
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52763

Acute Intentional Antihistamine Poisoning in the Emergency Department: Predictors of Anticholinergic Symptoms
type: item
description: Background: Antihistamines are widely used for allergic and respiratory conditions, but can cause severe toxicity when taken in overdose. Differences in pharmacokinetic properties between first and second-generation agents influence clinical presentation and outcomes. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of intentional antihistamine poisonings in patients consulting our emergency department (ED) in Tunisia and to identify drug-specific and dose-specific associations with anticholinergic symptoms. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the ED of the Mahmoud Yaacoub Center for Urgent Medical Assistance in Tunis from January 2021 to July 2024. Patients presenting with acute intentional antihistamine poisoning were included. Epidemiological and clinical data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of anticholinergic symptoms. Results: Among 134 included cases (median age 24 years; 83.6% female), most involved H1-antihistamines (91.8%), predominantly first-generation agents (58.6%). Cyproheptadine (32.1%) and chlorpheniramine (9.7%) were the most frequently implicated first-generation drugs, while cetirizine (23.9%) was the most common second-generation agent. Symptomatic presentations occurred in 47% of patients, being more common and more severe with first-generation drugs than second-generation (69.8% vs 25.4%, p<0.001). Cyproheptadine poisoning was associated with tachycardia (P=0.034, OR=2.441) and toxic psychosis (P=0.032, OR=6.206), with a cutoff dose of ≥108 mg determinant for toxic psychosis (P=0.025, OR=12.73). Chlorpheniramine was linked to sedation (P=0.022, OR=5.43) and hypotension (P=0.043, OR=16.38). ICU admission occurred in 9.7% of cases, and 2 patients required mechanical ventilation. The majority of patients (73.1%) were discharged home, and 12.7% were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Conclusion: Most intentional antihistamine poisonings result…
creator: Mehdi Jemmali
creator: Camillia Jeddi
creator: Mohamed Kilani
creator: Babak Mostafazadeh
creator: Hafedh Thabet
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51253

Anthocyanin Extraction and Purification from Red Onion Peels (Allium cepa) and Its Applications Against the CAL-51 Cell Line
type: item
description: Background: Red onion (Allium cepa L.) peels represent an abundant agricultural byproduct rich in bioactive flavonoids, yet their therapeutic potential against aggressive breast cancer models remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to extract and purify anthocyanins from red onion peels, characterize their active constituents, and evaluate their selective in vitro cytotoxicity against the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line CAL-51 relative to non-tumorigenic Normal Human Fibroblast (NHF) cells. Methods: Anthocyanins were extracted with acidified aqueous ethanol, purified using silica gel G60 column chromatography and characterized by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Cytotoxicity was evaluated through 72-hour MTT assays on CAL-51 and NHF cells, confirmed by phase-contrast morphological analysis and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: Through RP-HPLC, malvidin and peonidin were characterized as the major monomeric anthocyanidins. According to the results, the purified extract demonstrated a potent and cell line-dependent dose effect for the cytotoxicity of CAL-51 cells with IC50 = 247.5 μg/mL (maximum inhibition: 63.73% at 1000 µg/mL), accompanied by morphological hallmarks of apoptosis. In contrast, the extract exhibited much lower toxicity against NHF cells (IC50=1767 µg/mL; maximum inhibition: 17.39% at 10,000 µg/mL), resulting in a good selectivity index of 7.1. Conclusion: Purified red onion peel anthocyanins were powerful, selective anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic agents against TNBC in vitro without harming normal cells. This sets a path to exploiting agricultural waste as a source of potential natural therapeutic agents for the individualised treatment of breast cancer in an economically viable manner.
creator: Noor S. Latteef
creator: Ghassan M. Ahmed
creator: Essam F. Aljumili
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52520

Alcohol Attenuated the Epithelial Phenotype in Liver HepG2 Cells Co-Cultured with K562 Cells
type: item
description: Background: Excessive drinking can cause liver damage and even liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This study aimed to investigate the influence of alcohol and its related mechanisms on the transformation of growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the loss of epithelial phenotype in hepatocytes. Methods: In the present study, HepG2 cells (2 × 105 cells/ml) were co-cultured with K562 cells (2 × 105 cells/ml) and treated with 50 mM, 100 mM, and 200 mM alcohol for 24 hours. Cell morphology, as well as the expression of endothelial markers E-cadherin, Desmoplakin, CK18, and TGF-β1, were detected. Results: The study showed that alcohol induced the loss of epithelial phenotype, considerably decreasing the mRNA levels of E-cadherin, Desmoplakin, and CK18, as well as E-cadherin protein expression. In contrast, alcohol increased the mRNA levels and concentrations of TGF-β1 in the cultured media of co-cultured HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These results demonstrated that alcohol attenuated the epithelial phenotype in HepG2 cells co-cultured with K562 cells; meanwhile, K562 cells played an essential role in enhancing the expression of TGF-β1 in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: Our research has established an in vitro model of alcohol-induced epithelial phenotype loss in hepatocytes and partly explained the mechanisms of alcohol-induced liver fibrosis.
creator: Chunhong Yu
creator: Keya Tang
creator: Zetao Zhao
creator: Shuiqing Yang
creator: Xinyu Liu
creator: Zongchun Yi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.47083

Galantamine Attenuates Aluminum Chloride-Induced Cytotoxicity and Modulates Tumor Necrosis Factor Expression in SH-SY5Y Cells
type: item
description: Background: Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are central to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) is a neurotoxicant utilized to model these pathological features, whereas galantamine, a clinically approved therapeutic, exhibits secondary anti-inflammatory properties. To evaluate the protective efficacy of galantamine against AlCl₃-induced cytotoxicity and its modulatory impact on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene expression in human neuroblastoma cells. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to varying concentrations of AlCl₃ or galantamine for 24 hours. For combination treatments, cells were pretreated with galantamine prior to AlCl₃ exposure. Cellular viability was evaluated using the MTT assay, and relative TNF mRNA expression was quantified via RT-qPCR. Results: High-dose AlCl₃ (500 µg/mL) significantly decreased cell viability to 65% and upregulated TNF expression by 2.3-fold (p<0.001). Pretreatment with galantamine (100 µg/mL) partially restored cell viability (88–95%) and significantly suppressed the AlCl₃-induced TNF overexpression to 0.36-fold of control levels (p<0.001). Conclusion: Galantamine confers neuroprotection against metal-induced cellular injury by downregulating pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. These findings highlight its potential therapeutic utility in mitigating neuroinflammation-driven neurodegenerative processes beyond its primary cholinergic action.
creator: Luma Ali Mahmoud
creator: Rana Ayad Ghaleb
creator: Aymen A. Bash
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52729

Poisoning Patterns Before, During, and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Poisoning Centers in Urmia: A Six-Year Retrospective Study
type: item
description: Background: Poisoning is one of the main causes of emergency admissions and deaths worldwide, which could be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess poisoning patterns before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic at poisoning centers in Urmia. Methods: In this retrospective, descriptive-analytical study, all poisoned patients hospitalized in Urmia poisoning centers from 2018 to 2023 were studied. Patients were categorized into groups before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Then, statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21. Results: This investigation evaluated 13197 patients (51.7% males, 48.3% females). The mortality rate was 323 (2.45% total; 75.9% males; 24.1% females). The patients' Mean± standard deviation age was (28 ± 14.05) years (min=14, max=96). Most patients were aged 21-30 years, and approximately half were male. The number of hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic (2,665) decreased significantly compared with before (5,697) and after (4,835). Pesticide (41.1%), Pharmaceuticals (20.6%), Substance abuse (17.8%), Mixed poisonings (12.2%), and Alcohol (6.5%) were the most common causes of death during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. Mortality among males was higher than among females at all times. But the mortality rate during the COVID-19 pandemic (4%) increased significantly compared to before (1.7%) and after (2.5%). Significant relationships were detected between the patients' outcomes and age>60 years, Male, Widowed status, Higher (Academic) education, and Alcohol poisoning, Gases, Pesticides, Bites, and Foods/Mushrooms. Conclusion: Despite a decline in hospitalizations due to fears of COVID-19, it was able to change patterns of poisoning and mortality. Therefore, education to prevent pesticides, Alcohol, and drugs during public health crises can reduce morbidity and mortality.
creator: Mohammad Majidi
creator: Zahra Bazzaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50717

Comprehensive Toxicity Assessment of Coconut Shell Liquid Smoke: Acute and Subacute Oral Exposure in Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Background: Coconut shells are abundant lignocellulosic by-products in Indonesia and, through pyrolysis and sequential purification, can be converted into grade 1 coconut shell liquid smoke. They contain phenolic and other oxygenated compounds associated with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. However, its toxicological profile must be established before its use. This study evaluated the acute and 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity of grade 1 coconut shell liquid smoke in Wistar rats. Methods: A preliminary acute test was conducted at 300, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg BW (BW), followed by a main acute test at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg BW. For the repeated-dose study, rats received 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg BW once daily for 28 days, while satellite groups were observed for an additional 14-day recovery period. Clinical signs, mortality, BW, relative organ weights, hematological and biochemical parameters, and histopathological changes were assessed. Results: No mortality occurred during the preliminary acute test. In the main acute and repeated-dose studies, mortality and tissue alterations were recorded at moderate-to-high doses. Conclusion: These findings indicate that grade 1 coconut shell liquid smoke may produce systemic and organ-specific toxicity only at higher exposure levels. However, further dose-response studies are required before a definitive safe exposure level can be established.
creator: Hafid Syahputra
creator: Masfria Masfria
creator: Muchlisyam Muchlisyam
creator: Fatma Sri Wahyuni
creator: Irfan Syafti
creator: Clarissa Henry
creator: Agnes Valencia
creator: Ardiansyah Selian
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-28
publication date: 2026-08-28
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52808

Insular Cortical Thinning and Altered Structural Connectivity in Chronic Cannabis Users: A High-Resolution Morphometry and Diffusion Tractography Study
type: item
description: Background: Available evidence concerning the influence of sustained cannabis use on insular structure remains inconsistent, and comparatively little is known about whether localized cortical alterations coexist with changes in insular white-matter connections. This research investigated the shape of the insula and the structural connectivity centered on the insula in individuals who are chronic cannabis users (CCU). Methods: A group of twenty-six men, consisting of 13 regular cannabis users and 13 non-users, participated in structural and diffusion MRI scans at 3 Tesla. The YBA-696 parcellation was used to estimate insular thickness and volume at parcel and hemispheric levels, while FreeSurfer provided subcortical volumetric measures. We mapped insular pathways using probabilistic iFOD2 tractography in MRtrix3 and described them by fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and radial diffusivity. The data were analyzed using general linear models that incorporated a comprehensive set of relevant covariates, with the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure subsequently applied to control the family-wise error rate by controlling the false discovery rate. Results: Compared with controls, cannabis users exhibited thinner cortices in both insulae, with eight individual parcels remaining significant after false-discovery-rate correction. Insular volume was similar across groups. Additionally, cannabis users showed reduced total gray-matter volume and smaller brainstem, right thalamus, left cerebellar cortex, left amygdala, and right orbitofrontal gyrus volumes. Connectivity analyses demonstrated lower mean diffusivity in the left insula-amygdala pathway, additional parcel-specific abnormalities within this system, and lower fractional anisotropy in connections linking the right insula to the hippocampus and precentral gyrus, and the left insula to occipital regions. Conclusion: Rather than inducing generalized atrophy of the insula, long-term cannabis exposure wa…
creator: Fouad Meraji Far
creator: Hamid Reza Banafshe
creator: Amir Ghaderi
creator: Mohammad Ali Atlasi
creator: Nassim Jalilvand
creator: Rouhollah Sarollahi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-31
publication date: 2026-08-31
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.53125

https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/ijmtfm/article/view/52469
type: item
title: Biphasic Neuroprotective and Pro-Inflammatory Synergistic Effects of Red Laser Photobiomodulation Combined with Levodopa in a Rotenone-Induced SH-SY5Y Cell Model of Parkinson's Disease: An in Vitro Study
description: Background: Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no curative therapy. Red laser photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a potential neuroprotective strategy because of its antioxidant and mitochondrial biostimulatory properties. To evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of individual and combined levodopa and red laser PBM pre-treatment against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were pre-treated with levodopa (25, 50, 100 µM), continuous-wave red laser PBM (630–660 nm, 100 mW, 0.5 W/cm²; 10, 20, 40 s), or their combined configurations for 2 h, followed by a 24-hour rotenone (50 µM) challenge. Cell viability (MTT), IL-1β (ELISA), MDA (TBARS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were quantified. Results: Rotenone induced cytotoxicity, elevated IL-1β and MDA levels, and depleted TAOC. Individual Levodopa (50 µM) reduced MDA (P < 0.0001) and restored TAOC (P < 0.0001) but failed to rescue viability (P > 0.05). A 20-second red laser exposure (2 J, 10 J/cm²) optimally enhanced cell survival (P = 0.0087), reduced lipid peroxidation (P = 0.0002), and recovered TAOC (P = 0.0004), demonstrating a biphasic dose-response. Specific combined regimens (Triple Pre 1 and 2) triggered a synergistic surge in IL-1β (P < 0.0001), driven by hypermetabolic cross-talk between levodopa auto-oxidation and PBM biostimulation, whereas Triple Pre 3 maintained cytokine homeostasis (P > 0.05 vs. rotenone control). Conclusion: Red laser PBM provides biphasic, dose-dependent neuroprotection by restoring bioenergetics and antioxidant defenses; however, its combination with levodopa can provoke severe pro-inflammatory synergy, necessitating strict dosimetric thresholding in multimodal Parkinson's interventions.
creator: Ghasaq Mohammed Abbas
creator: Selman Mohammed Selman
creator: Kaiser N. Madlum
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52469

Hepatotoxic Effects of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Bulk ZnO: Protective Role of Allium sativum Extract in Male Albino Rats
type: item
description: Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibit heightened surface reactivity, raising hepatotoxicity concerns driven by oxidative stress and apoptosis. Green synthesis using Allium sativum (garlic) extract is an eco-friendly alternative, yet a critical gap persists: the extract's independent biological role remains unexamined. This study comparatively evaluated the hepatic toxicity of bulk zinc oxide (Bulk ZnO) and garlic-synthesized nanoparticles, while isolating the independent biological effect of the botanical extract. The inclusion of an extract-only group is a key novelty of this study, allowing for the differentiation between the intrinsic toxicity of the nanoparticles and the potential protective effects of the synthesis medium. Methods: Nanoparticles were biosynthesized and characterized. Eighty male albino rats were divided into eight groups (n=10) receiving oral administration for 28 days: control, extract alone, bulk zinc oxide (400, 200, 100 mg/kg), and nanoparticles (400, 200, 100 mg/kg). Hepatic enzymes, oxidative stress, and apoptotic markers were quantified. Results: Nanoparticles induced dose-dependent hepatotoxicity significantly exceeding that of bulk equivalents. The highest elevation of oxidative stress parameters, including MDA, and the lowest SOD occurred in the highest nanoparticle dose group, accompanied by exclusive mortalities. Furthermore, hepatic injury markers (ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin) were significantly elevated in this group. Specifically, ALT increased to a maximum of 75.74 ± 0.33 IU/L and AST to 82.23 ± 1.86 IU/L in the high-dose nanoparticle group. Conversely, the botanical extract-alone group displayed a highly favorable profile, with reduced caspase-3 and caspase-9 and improved antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: The observed hepatotoxicity is driven by the nanoparticulate form, not the synthesis medium. The extract independently conferred hepatoprotection. Rigorous preclinical safety evaluations of green-synthesized …
creator: Malak Fadil Hwaidi
creator: Shaimaa Hussein Ali
creator: Sura A. Awadh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-15
publication date: 2026-08-15
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52682

Acute Toxicity Assessment of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Melinjo Leaves (Gnetum gnemon L.) on Male Wistar White Rats and Liver Tissue Examination
type: item
description: Background: The ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) leaves has been reported to possess antihyperlipidemic and antidiarrheal activities, and phytochemical screening has identified tannins, phenolics, and flavonoids. However, the safety profile of this fraction remains unclear, necessitating toxicity evaluation. The purpose of this study was to use the fixed-dose method to examine the acute toxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo leaves in male Wistar rats. Methods: Based on preliminary testing, the main study used a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg BW. In silico predictions using Swiss ADMET, Pro-Tox II, and pkCSM showed LD₅₀ values ranging from 159 to 5000 mg/kg. Results: There were no deaths or obvious symptoms of toxicity in either the treatment or control groups, according to observations. Additionally, biochemical analysis showed no significant differences across groups (p > 0.05). The treatment group's mean results were SGPT 76.01 ± 3.20 U/L, SGOT 144.31 ± 34.62 U/L, urea 42.12 ± 7.74 mg/dL, and creatinine 0.622 ± 0.066 mg/dL, while the control group showed SGPT 72.45 ± 11.64 U/L, SGOT 144.19 ± 19.90 U/L, urea 46.08 ± 6.32 mg/dL, and creatinine 0.618 ± 0.024 mg/dL. Macroscopic examination of the liver, kidneys, and heart revealed no pathological changes. Conclusion: At a dose of 2000 mg/kg BW, the ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo leaves did not cause acute toxicity, indicating a good safety profile for further pharmacological research.
creator: Herlina Herlina
creator: Miftahul Jannah
creator: Dina Permata Wijaya
creator: Rafifah Azzahra
creator: Ferlina Hayati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50656

Automatic Chromosomal Abnormality Detection Using Varifocal-Net with CNN
type: item
description: Background: Chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of hereditary disorders, congenital anomalies, and developmental impairments. Conventional karyotype analysis relies on manual inspection by cytogenetic experts, making it time-consuming and prone to subjective interpretation. Methods: To overcome these shortcomings, this article illustrates an automated chromosomal abnormality detection framework based on a Varifocal-Net–integrated Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture. The proposed model adopts a dual-scale learning strategy, where a global-scale network captures overall chromosomal morphology, and a local-scale network extracts fine-grained structural features such as banding patterns and centromere regions. Deep feature learning is achieved using dual VGG-16 backbones enhanced with residual connections and multi-task learning. The system has undergone training and validation on a curated and expert-verified karyotype image dataset. Results: Significant classification of performance is demonstrated by findings on experiments achieving 99.04% accuracy, 98.63% sensitivity, and 100% specificity, outperforming baseline CNN and residual architectures. Conclusion: The inferences depicts that the proposed framework offers a reliable and efficient solution for automated analysis of karyotype evidencing promising potential for clinical decision-support applications.
creator: Kanimozhi Kannabiran
creator: Thangapalani L
creator: Santanalakshmi M
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51792

Altered Genes in Asbestose contamination
type: item
description: Background: Today, many people have heard about the dangers of asbestos pollution. The use of asbestos has been banned in many countries. The only way to prevent asbestos pollution is to avoid breathing it in and coming into contact with it. The symptoms and damage caused by asbestos may not appear for years. Therefore, it is important to find changes in gene expression caused by asbestos pollution. Methods: Initially, genes whose expression changes following asbestos exposure are extracted from relevant databases, such as GEO. From the gene expression data, genes that have changed significantly, as indicated by the adjusted p-value, are identified. Using undirected protein networks, these genes are entered into the internetwork structure. The formed network (interactome) is analyzed, and centrality indices are examined to determine central genes. Genes with higher centrality are selected. Gene-related biochemical pathways are extracted from the KEGG database. Related genes and biochemical pathways are validated through a literature review. Results: Network analysis of genes altered by asbestos exposure identified key hub and bottleneck genes. From a set of 96 differentially expressed genes, three high-connectivity hubs (GAPDH, ACTB, IL6) and five critical bottlenecks (GAPDH, RPS27A, ACTB, VTN, APP) were prioritized. The consensus genes GAPDH and ACTB were found in both categories, underscoring their potentially pivotal role in the asbestos-response network. Conclusion: This systems biology analysis identifies central molecular targets, particularly GAPDH and ACTB, within the asbestos-induced gene network. These findings provide a prioritized framework for future research into targeted genetic and therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating asbestos-related pathologies.
creator: Atiyeh Leghaie
creator: Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
creator: Nastaran Asri
creator: Masoumeh Farahani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-31
publication date: 2026-08-31
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51912

Time- and Dose-Dependent Neurotoxicity of Aluminum Chloride: Oxidative Stress, Cholinergic Dysfunction, and Histopathological Alterations in Male Rat Brain
type: item
description: Background: Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous environmental neurotoxin with a prolonged cerebral half-life. Chronic exposure has been implicated in oxidative damage, cholinergic impairment, and neurodegeneration; however, comprehensive time-course studies integrating biochemical and morphological endpoints remain limited. To evaluate the time- and dose-dependent effects of chronic aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) administration on brain oxidative stress markers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and histopathological changes in male Wistar rats. Methods: Ninety adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 30 each): control (distilled water), low-dose (100 mg/kg b.w. AlCl₃), and high-dose (200 mg/kg b.w. AlCl₃), administered orally for 30, 60, and 90 days. Brain aluminum residues were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT) and serum AChE were quantified by ELISA. Brain sections were examined histopathologically with H&E staining. Results: Brain aluminum accumulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner, peaking at 13.08±0.34 ppm at 90 days in the high-dose group versus 0.014±0.003 ppm in controls. Brain MDA rose from 0.34–0.38 in controls to a peak of 0.88±0.02, whereas SOD (64.80±2.60 to 38.86±1.37), CAT (91.6 to 62.40±3.63) and GSH (8.89 to 2.77±0.71) declined significantly (P≤ 0.01). Serum AChE fell from 482.10±0.62 to 112.90±1.21 ΔPh/20 min, a reduction of 76.6%. Histopathology revealed progressive cerebrovascular congestion, perivascular and perineuronal oedema, Virchow–Robin space dilatation, neurofibrillary tangles, and Purkinje cell chromatolysis with neuronophagia. Conclusion: Chronic AlCl₃ exposure induces cumulative, irreversible neurotoxicity through synergistic oxidative and cholinergic mechanisms, underscoring the need for stricter environmental aluminum exposure limits and further investigation of neuroprotective interventions.
creator: Hawraa M. Murad
creator: Ghusoon Abdul kareem Neamah
creator: Hasanain Khaleel Shareef
creator: Ahmed Neema AL-Mussawy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-22
publication date: 2026-08-22
volume: 16
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.53006

Correlation of Surface Ammonia Concentration on a Rotting Corpse to the Degree of Decomposition
type: item
description: Background: Ammonia is toxic at high concentrations, and those who handle corpses should be cautious about the ammonia produced by decomposition. However, there is a dearth of reports showing an appropriate index for the ammonia level of corpses. Methods: The progression of decomposition was divided into four stages based on easily visible changes in appearance, namely, skin discoloration and soft tissue destruction. Ammonia was quantified in the liquid decomposition products on the surface of the corpse and in the air surrounding it. Results: During moderate to severe decomposition, ammonia concentrations rose to levels that could cause serious damage to the respiratory system and ocular mucosa due to chemical irritation. However, as decay progressed and bone became exposed, ammonia concentration decreased. Conclusion: This study revealed that ammonia levels can be predicted from the visual stage of corpse decomposition. We believe that these results can guide the safe handling of bodies.
creator: hiroaki sato
creator: Nitta Ayumi
creator: Umehara Takahiro
creator: Kim Sang-Eun Kim Sang-Eun
creator: Kimura Satoshi
creator: Tanaka Toshiko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51501

Comparative Study of Touch DNA from Different Surfaces: Amelogenin Locus Analysis for Forensic Purposes
type: item
description: Background: This study examines the concentration of touch DNA on various surfaces using analysis of the amelogenin locus to identify the donor’s gender. Touch DNA, which is transferred through contact, was collected from masks, iron door handles, plastic, and glass. DNA extraction and amplification were performed using PCR. Methods: Touch DNA samples were collected from masks, iron door handles, plastic, and glass using sterile swabs after contact by male and female donors. DNA extraction was performed using the Chelex method, followed by PCR amplification targeting the amelogenin locus. DNA concentration was measured and compared across different surface types to evaluate variations in DNA transfer. Results: The findings indicate that masks provided the highest DNA concentration, while plastic and glass had the lowest. Factors such as surface type, individual activity, and environmental conditions significantly influence DNA concentration. Additionally, male donors consistently left more DNA than female donors, consistent with previous studies. The study highlights the importance of surface roughness and porosity in DNA retention, with rougher surfaces generally retaining more DNA. Conclusion: This research offers valuable insights for forensic investigators by demonstrating the utility of touch DNA in linking individuals to crime scenes. However, more extensive studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these results and strengthen conclusions.
creator: Ahmad Firdaus
creator: Renny Sumino
creator: Alvina Setiawardani
creator: I Gusti Lanang Bumi Agung
creator: Prasilia Ramadhani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50874

Pharmaceutical Adulteration and Toxic Contaminants in Herbal Products: Global Bibliometric Trends and Forensic-Toxicological Implications
type: item
description: Background: Herbal products may contain undeclared pharmaceuticals, toxic elements, pesticides, mycotoxins, or substituted botanicals. This study maps these hazards globally and links bibliometric patterns with forensic-toxicological priorities. Methods: English-language Scopus articles (2005-2025) were screened using predefined criteria. After metadata, title/abstract, and keyword cleaning, 745 of 1,357 records were analyzed with Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny and VOSviewer 1.6.20. Results: The 745 articles appeared in 378 sources. Output rose from 11 articles in 2006 to 90 in 2025 (11.7% annual growth); international co-authorship was 17.32%. Major themes were pharmaceutical adulteration, toxic elements, pesticides, mycotoxins, botanical authentication, and advanced analytical methods. Conclusion: Research has expanded, but detection remains weakly linked to exposure and defensible forensic attribution. Priorities are standardized market sampling, confirmatory workflows, exposure-based assessment, product-to-patient linkage, and international surveillance.
creator: Muhammad Amin Nasution
creator: Hanifa Rifdah Aiman
creator: Muhammad Andry
creator: Muhammad Fauzan Lubis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-27
publication date: 2026-08-27
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.53141

Prevalence and Sexual Dimorphism of the Mesial Marginal Developmental Groove in Maxillary Premolars: A Study in the Malay Population
type: item
description: Background: Forensic odontology is essential for human identification when DNA or fingerprinting is compromised. Postmortem identification uses teeth because they resist environmental degradation and may remain intact under extreme conditions. While dental morphological traits are useful in forensics, population-level data are needed before using them in identification protocols. Mesial marginal developmental groove (MMDG) data in maxillary premolars in Malay are scarce. To determine the prevalence and sexual dimorphism of the MMDG in maxillary premolar one and two (PM1 and PM2) among Malay patients. Methods: One hundred ninety plaster dental casts were retrieved from the Orthodontic Department. Standardised photographs of the occlusal surface of maxillary PM1 and PM2 were assessed for the presence or absence of MMDG. Descriptive statistics were employed to determine prevalence, and Chi-square tests were performed to evaluate sexual dimorphism. Results: MMDG prevalence in PM1 was 90.5%–93.2% and 53.7%–57.4% in PM2, with bilateral symmetry observed across all tooth types. No significant sexual dimorphism was determined in the prevalence of MMDG for all tooth types. Conclusion: The MMDG in maxillary premolars showed no sexual dimorphism in Malay people, limiting its use in forensics. However, its high prevalence and bilateral consistency make MMDG a stable morphological marker for dental identification and population studies.
creator: Farahin Ahmad Suhardi
creator: Farzana Md Azizan
creator: Samiya Riaz
creator: Asmak Abdul Samat
creator: Cheong Joo Ming
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-06-28
publication date: 2026-06-28
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52118

Bedside Toxidromic Evaluation and Qualitative Analytical Screening in Acute Poisoning Cases Presenting to a Tertiary Care Emergency Department: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Background: Acute poisoning still represents a major health emergency and an important public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries where pesticides, pharmaceuticals, alcohol, and everyday household toxins are widely available. Early bedside recognition of a toxidrome can guide immediate lifesaving treatment, while qualitative analytical screening testing may provide presumptive laboratory support to the clinical diagnosis. To identify common poisoning agents based on bedside toxidromic assessment and to correlate toxidromic diagnosis with qualitative analytical screening test findings. Methods: This prospective, hospital-based, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Emergency Department and Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India. The study was conducted over a time period of 18 months from July 2024 to December 2025. Eighty-six adult patients with suspected acute poisoning were enrolled by consecutive sampling after obtaining informed consent from the patient or legally authorized representative. Demographic details, clinical features, toxidromic category, probable poison type, qualitative color-test findings, and immediate hospital outcome were recorded and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. Results: The mean age of the patients was 32.90±11.31 years, and the commonest age group was 21-30 years (37.21%). Males constituted 67.44% of cases. Organophosphate (OP) poisoning was the most common type (41.86%), followed by drug overdose (23.26%), alcohol (13.95%), and other poisons (20.93%). Cholinergic toxidrome was the most common toxidrome (39.53%), followed by sedative (18.60%), sympathomimetic (16.28%), opioid (13.95%), and anticholinergic (11.63%). Toxidrome was significantly associated with outcome (p = 0.011), and the type of poison was also significantly associated with outcome (p = 0.018). Cholinergic toxidrome showed…
creator: Richa Choudhary
creator: Dr Pradeep Kumar Yadav
creator: Vivek Pathak
creator: Madhulika Shukla
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-08
publication date: 2026-08-08
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52500

Determinants of Unsuccessful Prehospital Resuscitation in Pediatric Emergencies
type: item
description: Background: Children are especially vulnerable to potentially fatal injuries from illness or accidents. This study aims to examine the circumstances surrounding out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and to evaluate unsuccessful emergency rescue attempts. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed records of patients under 18 years admitted to Iran University of Medical Sciences–affiliated hospitals from March 2013 to March 2024. The study included children who received emergency medical services and were transported during ongoing CPR. Results: Among 134 cases, the mean age was 4.75 years and male-to-female ratio was 1.39:1. While 61.9% were Iranian, 38.1% were Afghans. Mortality was highest in infants under one year (35.1%) and in children aged 1–5 years (25.4%). The leading causes of death were underlying medical illnesses, followed by accidents, notably pedestrian collisions. Conclusion: Cardiac arrest due to medical illnesses at home and pedestrian accidents account for a large share of unsuccessful pre-hospital resuscitations, most of which are preventable. Migrant children have a markedly higher mortality risk, likely due to socio-economic factors. These findings call for targeted injury prevention and policy reforms to address migrant populations and reduce the public health burden.
creator: Negin Mousaeinejad
creator: Shaqayeq Khosravi
creator: Shabahang Jafarnejad
creator: Zahra Mahyapour Lori
creator: Kiana Khosravi
creator: Motahare Aghajani Delavar
creator: Sayed Mahdi Marashi
creator: Zeynab Nasri-Nasrabadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51440

Stature Estimation from Clavicular Length Using Multidetector Computed Tomography in an Adult North Indian Population
type: item
description: Background: Stature estimation is an essential component of the biological profile in forensic anthropology. When primary long bones are fragmented or unavailable, alternative skeletal elements must be evaluated. This study aimed to examine the relationship between adult Haryanvi clavicular measurements and stature using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and to evaluate the performance of population-specific regression equations. Methods: MDCT scans of 68 adult individuals (33 males, 35 females; aged 20–80 years) were evaluated, yielding 136 clavicular observations. Clavicle length was measured on 3D reconstructed images. Sex-specific differences, bilateral symmetry, and correlations with stature were statistically analyzed. Results: The left clavicle was significantly longer than the right side in both males (p = 0.0176) and females (p = 0.0247), though the absolute differences were small (~2 mm). The clavicular height index demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism when both sides were combined (p = 0.0083). Stature correlated moderately with clavicle length in the pooled sample (r = 0.5356, p < 0.0001) and weakly to moderately in females (r = 0.3625, p = 0.0020). Correlations in males were negligible and statistically non-significant (r = 0.1079, p = 0.3884). Conclusion: Clavicular length demonstrates modest predictive value for stature estimation in the pooled Haryanvi sample and female subgroup, but lacks predictive utility in males. Due to its limited accuracy, it should be utilized as an exploratory or secondary method when primary long bones are missing.
creator: Sonia Beniwal
creator: Prachi Saffar Aneja
creator: Susmita Saha
creator: Neeru Kapur
creator: Arjun Narula
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52713

Chitinase 3-Like Protein 1, Th 2 Cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in Incised and Lacerated Cutaneous Wounds: Experimental Study
type: item
description: Background: Wounds are associated with increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers. In forensic investigations, biomolecular analysis can help determine the age of a wound. This study aimed to estimate the levels of inflammatory biomarkers: chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-13 (IL-13); and to correlate them with immunohistopathological effects. Methods: Cutaneous incisional (IW) and lacerated (LW) wounds were induced in thirty-six male rats, with eighteen rats allocated to each group. Tissue samples were collected at 4 and 8 days post-injury for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biomolecular examinations. Results: IL-4, IL-13, and CHI3L1 demonstrated significant time-dependent upregulation, with expression levels rising four- to six-fold at days 4 and 8 post-injury (P<0.05). CHI3L1 showed a biphasic expression pattern, with peak expression on day 4. IW generally exhibited higher gene expression levels compared to LW. Conclusion: The biphasic time-dependent expression patterns of CHI3L1 in cutaneous injuries could be useful for wound age estimation, supporting their future application in medical and forensic contexts through further human clinical validation.
creator: Marwa Mohamed
creator: Karima Hamed
creator: Mohamed Shalaby
creator: Wagdy Khalil
creator: Samah Ibrahim
creator: Mai Mahrous
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
volume: 16
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50976

Macroscopic Changes Observed after Burning in Incised Wounds on Bones Caused by Sharp and Penetrating Instruments
type: item
description: Background: Stab and incised wounds are frequently encountered in forensic practice. Burned skeletal remains often complicate the evaluation of such injuries, making it essential to understand how fire alters cut marks on bones. This study aimed to investigate macroscopic changes in bones subjected to sharp-force trauma after exposure to high temperatures. Methods: Three bovine humeri were incised with a 32 cm non-serrated kitchen knife. The length, width, direction, and interrelationships of each incision were measured with a forensic scale, photographed, and recorded. The bones were then burned in open-air conditions using oak wood, without accelerants, at 460–570 °C for 60 minutes. Following combustion, the incisions were remeasured, and pre- and post-burning characteristics were compared statistically. Results: Despite advanced thermal destruction, most incisions remained macroscopically visible. Heat exposure caused significant increases in incision length and width (p < 0.05). Linear fissures radiating from the cuts were observed, and the cut margins appeared sharper and drier after burning. In one specimen, thermal fractures disrupted the evaluation of a distal incision. Conclusion: Sharp-force trauma marks on bones are not completely obscured by fire and may even become more pronounced. However, heat-related expansion of cut dimensions can lead to overestimation of blade size. These findings emphasize the need for caution in interpreting burned skeletal remains and highlight the importance of further research with larger sample sizes to improve forensic accuracy.
creator: Aytunç Akrep
creator: Gökhan Ersoy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50512

Impact of Environmental Exposure on Mitochondrial DNA Degradation in Medical Masks: A Forensic Evaluation of Storage Time and Amplicon Length
type: item
description: Background: Medical masks recovered from crime scenes are valuable sources of biological evidence, yet the stability of DNA on these porous substrates under environmental stress remains under-researched. This study investigates the degradation profile of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cotton-polyester blend masks under outdoor conditions, hypothesizing that prolonged exposure accelerates hydrolytic damage and preferentially affects larger amplicons. Methods: Medical masks worn by six male volunteers were stored outdoors (relative humidity 56–81%) for 1, 7, 14, and 20 days. DNA was extracted using the DNAzol method and quantified by UV spectrophotometry. mtDNA integrity was assessed by amplifying HVS-I (143 bp) and HVS-II (126 bp) regions. Statistical significance was determined using One-way ANOVA. Results: Total DNA concentration significantly decreased by ~96% from Day 1 (373.58 ± 211.17 ng/µl) to Day 20 (14.07 ± 5.16 ng/µl) (p<0.05). DNA purity followed a similar downward trend, dropping from 1.84 ± 0.07 (Day 1) to 0.89 ± 0.43 (Day 20), indicating severe contamination or degradation. Amplification success was length-dependent: the longer HVS-I fragment failed to amplify after Day 1, whereas the shorter HVS-II fragment remained detectable up to Day 14. Conclusion: Outdoor environmental exposure markedly reduces DNA quantity and purity within 20 days, likely driven by humidity-induced hydrolysis and bacterial growth. The differential survival of amplicons suggests that forensic protocols for degraded mask evidence should prioritize shorter amplicons (e.g., HVS-II) and implement immediate preservation measures, such as desiccation or refrigeration, to halt decay.
creator: Baety Adhayati
creator: Rizqi Fithratullah
creator: Luluk Hermawati
creator: Yuda Nabella Prameswari
creator: Abdul Hadi Furqoni
creator: Alvina Setiawardani
creator: Zakkiyatus Zainiyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-20
publication date: 2026-08-20
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51909

Determination of Postmortem Interval Using the Oxidative Stress Markers, Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Changes of Spleen, Pancreas, and Heart: Experimental study
type: item
description: Background: A cornerstone of forensic practice is determining the postmortem interval to resolve suspicious deaths and assist in criminal investigations. The work aims to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) using oxidative stress markers, and to Assess Molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical changes in the spleen, pancreas, and heart of adult albino rats. Methods: 30 adult albino rats were divided into five groups. All rats were sacrificed and kept at room temperature. Dissection of the spleen, pancreas, and heart was done at 0 (control), 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The following parameters were measured: malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), hypoxia-associated factor (HAF), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) immunostaining. Results: MDA, GSH, and SOD showed strong positive correlations with PMI in the pancreas, whereas in the heart, GSH showed a fair positive correlation with PMI.SOD showed a strong positive correlation with PMI in the spleen, while GSH showed a strong negative correlation with PMI. HAF showed a strongly significant positive association with PMI in the heart and the spleen, whereas in the pancreas, it showed a fair correlation. AIF showed a significant negative correlation with PMI in the heart. Histological changes showed time-dependent changes. BCL2 immunohistochemical expression showed a significant decrease over time in all organs. Conclusion: Oxidative stress markers, Molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical changes can help estimate PMI. Four novel equations were developed to estimate PMI using the studied parameters across different organs.
creator: Amani Abd El Fattah
creator: Maha Ali Ahmed
creator: Dina Ali Shokry
creator: Sara Adel Hosny
creator: Zeinab A. Nour
creator: Noha Maher Elrewieny
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50951

Agreement Between the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17) and Clinical Psychological Evaluation in Child Sexual Abuse Victims: A Clinical Forensic Study
type: item
description: Background: Forensic examination of child victims of sexual abuse mainly prioritizes the identification and documentation of physical findings for legal purposes. As a result, psychosocial problems may remain underrecognized during the initial assessment. A brief and practical screening instrument is therefore needed to support early detection in clinical forensic services. To assess the agreement between Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17) screening results and clinical psychological evaluation findings in child victims of sexual abuse. Methods: This analytical observational study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted from April to September 2025 at a forensic referral hospital. A total of 101 child victims of sexual abuse aged 1−17 years underwent PSC-17 screening. Clinical psychological evaluation was subsequently completed for 51 respondents, depending on the referral pathway and service availability. Agreement between PSC-17 classification and clinical psychological evaluation was assessed using a 4 × 4 contingency matrix and Cohen’s kappa coefficient. The 95% confidence interval was estimated using bootstrap analysis with 1,000 replications. Results: Of the 101 respondents, 39 children (38.6%) were classified as having severe psychosocial problems based on the PSC-17 classification applied in this study. Among the 51 respondents who underwent clinical psychosocial evaluation, 26 children (51.0%) were classified as having severe psychosocial problems. Classification accuracy was 86.27%, with a Cohen’s kappa of 0.778 (95% CI [0.606, 0.908], p < 0.001), indicating substantial agreement between PSC-17 screening and clinical psychological evaluation. Conclusion: PSC-17 showed good agreement with clinical psychological evaluation in identifying psychosocial problems among child victims of sexual abuse. These findings support its potential use as an initial screening tool to facilitate early detection and psychosocial triage in clinical forensic setting…
creator: Ruslan
creator: Rina Masadah
creator: Ichlas N. Afandi
creator: Andi A. Zainuddin
creator: Annisa A. Muthaher
creator: Djumadi Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51966

An Intelligent Forensic Toxicology Approach for Lung Cancer Diagnosis Using Deep Learning Techniques
type: item
description: Background: Lung cancer is one of the most life-threatening malignancies worldwide, strongly associated with environmental pollutants, smoking-related toxins, and occupational carcinogenic exposure. The integration of forensic medicine and medical toxicology provides valuable insights for early diagnosis and effective risk prediction of lung cancer. Methods: This study proposes an integrated framework combining toxicological analysis, forensic evaluation, and artificial intelligence-based predictive techniques for lung cancer diagnosis. Clinical records, toxicological biomarkers, imaging features, and exposure-related parameters were analyzed using machine- and deep-learning models to identify high-risk individuals and improve diagnostic accuracy. Results: The proposed framework demonstrated improved performance in lung cancer risk prediction and classification compared with conventional diagnostic approaches. Toxicological biomarkers and environmental exposure factors showed a significant correlation with lung cancer progression. The AI-assisted analytical model enhanced early-stage detection, reduced misclassification rates, and supported accurate prognostic evaluation. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of integrating forensic toxicology, medical analysis, and intelligent computational techniques in the diagnosis and risk assessment of lung cancer. The proposed approach can support clinicians and forensic experts in early intervention, treatment planning, and public health monitoring, thereby contributing to improved patient outcomes and the development of preventive healthcare strategies.
creator: Vadivel M
creator: B Balasubramanian
creator: Jalaldeen Khan Mohamed
creator: GD Praveenkumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-27
publication date: 2026-08-27
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52131

Forensic and Toxicological Evaluation of High-Purity α-PVP (Flakka): Analytical and Structural Characterization of a Potent Synthetic Cathinone
type: item
description: Background: α-Pyrrolidinovalerophenone is a potent synthetic cathinone, also known as “Flakka,” that has been associated with severe neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular toxicity. With its emergence worldwide, detailed analytical characterizations of high-purity α-PVP remain limited. In this study, the synthesis of α-PVP was performed under controlled laboratory conditions, followed by transformation to its hydrochloride salt and its further purification to an analytical-grade quality. Methods: Confirmation of the chemical structure and purity was carried out by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and mass spectrometry. Results: The FTIR spectrum showed characteristic absorption bands at 3568–3478 cm⁻¹ (N–H stretching), 3091–2998 cm⁻¹ (C–H stretching), 1601 cm⁻¹ (aromatic C=C), and 1530 cm⁻¹ (C=O–N), confirming the pyrrolidinophenone framework. The ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) showed signals at δ 7.27–8.17 (m, Ar–H), 3.92 (t, N–CH₂), 2.57–2.74 (m, CH₂–N), 1.92–1.73 (m, CH₂), and 1.27–0.87 (t, CH₃), consistent with α-PVP. The base peak observed in the mass spectrum corresponded to m/z 126, for the pyrrolidine fragment. Analytical validation proved that purity was higher than 98%, with acceptable precision and linearity within forensic analytical limits. Conclusion: The findings pointed out structural determinants, notably the β-keto and pyrrolidine groups of α-PVP underlying dopaminergic overstimulation and sympathomimetic toxicity, respectively. The present work provides an extended analytical and toxicological reference for forensic laboratories for the distinguishing of authentic α-PVP from street analogues and for standardization in synthetic cathinone identification.
creator: Nima Alizadeh Raef
creator: Somayeh Paknahad
creator: Mohsen Ghalari
creator: Mahdi Karimi Kashani
creator: Maryam Gholipour
creator: Arian Malmir
creator: Yasaman Visteh
creator: Zeynab Motahari
creator: Tina Mahdian
creator: Hani Sadeghi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51492

Attention-Guided Deep Representation Learning for Suspicious Activity and Anomaly Detection in Cybercrime Forensics Analysis
type: item
description: Background: Cybercrime encompasses fraudulent activities conducted in virtual environments, such as identity theft, hacking, ransomware, and phishing attacks. Conventional cybercrime forensic analysis approaches are mainly based on statistical and rule-based approaches. Although recent machine learning and deep learning techniques have improved automated detection, existing approaches still suffer from repetitive features, insufficient dependency modeling, and limited detection performance in dynamic cyber environments. Methods: This study proposes an Attention-Guided Deep Representation Learning for Effective Cybercrime Forensic Analysis (AGDRL-ECFA) framework. The contribution of the study lies in the design of an attention-guided deep representation-learning framework that improves anomaly detection accuracy and forensic pattern discrimination in large-scale cybercrime environments. For feature selection, the proposed model employs a modified ReliefF that identifies the most significant features and eliminates redundant ones. In addition, the attention-based conditional variational autoencoder is utilized to capture underlying data dependencies and classify anomalous or suspicious activities. Eventually, RMSProp is applied to improve training by dynamically adjusting the learning rate for each parameter. Results: Simulation experiments are performed to ensure an enhanced outcome of AGDRL-ECFA system on the Cybercrime Forensic Dataset. The proposed model achieves better performance, with an accuracy of 97.73% compared to existing models. Conclusion: The comparative result analysis demonstrates the improvement of the AGDRL-ECFA method and confirms its effectiveness for intelligent cybercrime forensic investigation and decision-support applications.
creator: Jayalakshmi Sambandam
creator: Shamili Alias Shanmugapriya Selvam
creator: Kaviya Perumal
creator: Lavanya Jeyakumar
creator: Roopa Nagavalli Krishnappa
creator: Meeradevi Thiagarajan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-22
publication date: 2026-08-22
volume: 16
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52670

Computed Tomography-Based 3D Analysis of the Sternum for Forensic Age and Sex Estimation in the South Sulawesi Population
type: item
description: Background: Forensic anthropology relies on skeletal analysis to establish a biological profile in medicolegal cases, including age and sex estimation. While the skull and pelvis are considered the most reliable indicators, they are not always available due to fragmentation or postmortem changes. The sternum, being centrally located and relatively resistant to damage, offers an alternative skeletal element for forensic identification. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted using 200 thoracic CT scans from Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia. The samples consisted of 100 males and 100 females, distributed across four age categories. Morphometric parameters measured included Manubrium Length (ML), Manubrium Width (MW), Corpus Length (CL), Manubriocorpus Length (MCL), Corpus Width 1 (CW1), Corpus Width 2 (CW2), and the Sternal Index (SI). Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, followed by multivariate modeling to assess age- and sex-related differences. Results: Significant sexual dimorphism was observed, with males showing larger sternum dimensions compared to females, except for SI, which was higher in females. Age-related changes were evident, with sternal dimensions increasing until early adulthood before plateauing. Minimal ethnic variation was found, with notable differences limited to CL among young adult Toraja males. Conclusion: Three-dimensional CT-based sternal morphometry provides reliable markers for age and sex estimation, supporting its role as a complementary tool in forensic anthropology, particularly when traditional skeletal elements are unavailable.
creator: Zulfiyah Surdam
creator: Nesyana Nurmadilla
creator: Berti Julian Nelwan
creator: Rafikah Rauf
creator: Rusdina Bte Ladju
creator: Cahyono Kaelan
creator: Muhammad Husni Cangara
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50429

A Comparative Study of STR Allele Frequencies in Javanese and Chinese Populations Using D5S818, D13S317, and D3S1358
type: item
description: Background: The Javanese and Chinese ethnic groups are the most predominant in Indonesia. Saliva presents a major advantage over serum as it may be obtained non-invasively by persons with minimal training. However, there are 13 CODIS loci; hence, it requires more resources and time. This research utilized an observational comparative study design. Methods: The CODIS system has been validated as an identifying tool in forensics. CODIS was developed to compare target DNA records with those in the database, utilizing software for identification matching. Results: Saliva from 12 participants aged 17 to 21 was divided into two groups: Javanese and Chinese. Each group comprises six members. The saliva was analyzed using Short Tandem Repeat (STR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) at three loci: D13S317, D5S818, and D3S1358. In comparison to the standard DNA K562, variations in base pairs were observed in bands between the Javanese and Chinese races at three loci: D5S818: Javanese alleles are 10, 11, 12; Chinese alleles are 11, 12, 13. D13S317: Javanese 9, 11; Chinese 9, 12. D3S1358: Javanese 16, 17; Chinese 16, 17, 18 Utilizing the three loci from saliva, we can distinguish between the Javanese and Chinese races for forensic identification. Conclusion: This research successfully demonstrated that the analysis of Short Tandem Repeat (STR) alleles at three loci (D5S818, D13S317, and D3S1358) can distinguish between the Javanese and Chinese populations in Indonesia using saliva samples. Significant differences in allele frequencies were found between the two populations at all three loci, making this method effective for ethnic forensic identification. In addition, the use of saliva as a non-invasive biological sample demonstrates practical advantages in the forensic context, allowing for easier and faster sample collection compared to invasive methods.
creator: Renny Sumino
creator: Mieke Sylvia Margaretha Amiatun Ruth
creator: Alvina Setiawardani
creator: I Gusti Lanang Bumi Agung
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51526

Illicit Drug Production in China: A Retrospective Report
type: item
description: Background: The vast Chinese synthetic drug market has given rise to numerous illicit drug production groups; empirical research on these groups remains limited. Methods: In this study, the author collected data on 96 cases of illicit drug production from 2010 to 2020 through a website established by the Supreme Court of China. Results: The findings revealed that the majority of these groups were located in Sichuan Province and Guangdong Province, both of which suffer from serious drug epidemics. Methamphetamine and ketamine were identified as the primary substances manufactured by these groups. Ephedrine and phenyl-2-propanone are commonly used as precursors in methamphetamine production, while hydroxyimide chloride is frequently utilized in the synthesis of ketamine. Conclusion: To effectively combat such criminal activities, governments should enhance inter-regional cooperation to jointly address crimes related to drug production.
creator: Zhuoli Tao
creator: Sha Tao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-02-24
publication date: 2026-02-24
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 21
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50799

Rare Case of Suicide by Run-Over Road Traffic Accident- Interpretation and Analysis of Medico-Legal Findings
type: item
description: Background: In traumatic forensic cases, road accidents represent an essential percentage of morbidity and mortality. The majority of these are unintentional incidents that have the same manner of death. Case Presentation: A 42-year-old man, was admitted to the regional hospital in Pazardzhik with symptoms of epigastric pain, vomiting, and weight loss. Following a physical examination, additional ultrasound tests, laboratory tests, and gastroscopy, which included a biopsy, the results indicated a malignant tumor in the stomach with the morphological characteristics of middle-grade adenocarcinoma. On the fourth day of the diagnostic and treatment process, the patient voluntarily left the hospital without notifying the medical staff. Conclusion: Road traffic injuries are a significant cause of increasing mortality rates among young and middle-aged individuals globally. While suicide is less common among traffic-related fatalities, both accidents and suicides can contribute to road traffic deaths. Suicides continue to be a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Understanding the issues surrounding these cases, especially the rarer forms of suicide, is crucial for preventing this negative social phenomenon.
creator: Ivan Tsranchev1
creator: Pavel Timonov
creator: Antoaneta Fasova
creator: Biliana Mileva
creator: Metodi Goshev
creator: Hristian Ankov
creator: Velina Stoeva
creator: Biser Ivanov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50979

Sex Estimation from Patellar Anthropometric Parameters: An MRI-Based Study in Iranians
type: item
description: Background: Accurate sex estimation from skeletal remains is crucial in forensic anthropology, particularly when complete skeletons are unavailable. The patella is a dense sesamoid bone resistant to postmortem damage. Therefore, it offers potential for sex determination. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of patellar morphometric parameters for sex estimation in an Iranian population using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on Iranian individuals aged over 18 years referred to our Hospital for knee MRI. Patellar height was measured on midsagittal slices, while width and thickness were assessed on axial slices showing maximum width. Measurements were performed using PACS software. Independent t-tests, ROC curve analysis, and classification statistics were used to determine discriminatory power. Results: A total of 225 individuals (110 females and 115 males) were enrolled. The age range was 18–80 years, with a mean age of 45.82 ± 14.83 years. All three measurements were different between men and women, and the differences were statistically significant. Men had larger patellae. Height was the most accurate predictor; it correctly identified sex about 88% of the time. Width was correct about 80% of the time, while thickness was correct in about 74%. The present study revealed that the diagnostic accuracy was excellent for height. It was good for width and fair for thickness. Conclusion: This study indicates that Patellar measurements are useful for estimating sex in our population. This bone may be used as a substitute when other parts of the skeleton are not available.
creator: Foroozan Faress
creator: Ali kaviani
creator: Masih Rikhtehgar
creator: Leyla Abdolkarimi
creator: Ali Habibollahzadeh
creator: Rozhan Khezri
creator: Sayed Mahdi Marashi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-22
publication date: 2026-08-22
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52770

Identification of Larvae in the Examination of Eight Decomposed Bodies at Sardjito Hospital and Bhayangkara Polda DIY Hospital, Period July – December 2024
type: item
description: Background: The increasing incidence of decomposed body discoveries in Indonesia poses significant challenges in forensic investigations. Forensic entomology, particularly the identification of fly larvae, plays a critical role in estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) and identifying potential body relocation. This research directly aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions) through its contribution to mortality assessment and evidence-based forensic investigations. Methods: This descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on eight decomposed bodies examined at Sardjito Hospital and Bhayangkara POLDA DIY Hospital from July to December 2024. Larva samples were collected from specific anatomical sites and morphologically identified through posterior spiracle analysis. Results: Out of a total of 334 larvae examined, four types of larvae were found: Chrysomya (63%), Sarcophaga (20%), Calliphora (13%), and Musca (4%). Chrysomya species were predominantly found on indoor corpses within optimal larval development temperatures (24.2°C–35.6°C). Morphological classification also identified distinct patterns in hairy and non-hairy larvae across the discovery environment. Conclusion: Larval diversity aids post-mortem interval estimation and may indicate body relocation based on species and habitat. In eight examined cases, four larval types of Chrysomya predominated, with prior temperatures ranging from 25.2°C to 35.4°C.
creator: Lia Yulianti Siregar
creator: Yudha Nurhantari
creator: Idha Arfianti Wiraagni
creator: Ida Bagus Surya Putra Pidada
creator: Dhiwangkoro Aji Kadarmo
creator: Putri Anggun Dhiasworo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-02-24
publication date: 2026-02-24
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50778

Ephedrine: From Ancient Remedy to Advances in High-Purity Synthesis and Forensic Identification
type: item
description: Background: Ephedrine, the alkaloid of Ephedra (mainly Ephedra sinica, or Ma Huang), has been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for decades to treat colds, bronchitis, and asthma due to its sympathomimetic and bronchodilator properties. The isolation of Ephedrine in the late 19th century was a milestone in the field of natural product pharmacology. It was first discovered in Western medicine as an orally active adrenergic receptor agonist. Although therapeutically beneficial, Ephedrine is also associated with dose-related toxicities that range from a mild manifestation such as restlessness and insomnia to serious cardiovascular and neurological adverse effects like hypertension, arrhythmias, seizures, and sudden death. In addition, its use as a precursor to illicit methamphetamine manufacture has contributed to control and public health problems. Methods: A certified analytical procedure was established that combined FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy for the authentication of the structure and purity assessment of the analgesic drug ephedrine. In ¹HNMR spectroscopy, the main goal was the assignment of typical environments for protons in the molecule in an effort to ensure the molecular structure is not compromised. The other technique used was FTIR spectroscopy, which aimed to produce a fingerprint of the functional groups. Results: The ¹H-NMR spectrum of Ephedrine displayed well-resolved and characteristic resonances at δ 7.0–7.4 ppm corresponding to aromatic protons, δ 4.7–5.0 ppm attributed to the hydroxyl (–OH) proton, δ 3.2–3.5 ppm for the methine proton adjacent to the hydroxyl group (–CHOH), and δ 1.0–1.2 ppm corresponding to the methyl group. The absence of extraneous signals confirmed high chemical purity and structural integrity of the sample. Conclusion: Current analytical advances have enhanced the certainty of ephedrine identification. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provides a rapid structural fingerprint and practical purity assessmen…
creator: Nima Alizadeh Raef
creator: Parisa Baghery Tirtashi
creator: Mohsen Ghalari
creator: Mahdi Karimi Kashani
creator: Maryam Gholipour
creator: Hani Sadeghi
creator: Zeynab Motahari
creator: Negin Heydari
creator: Alborz Selahvarzi
creator: Mahboubeh Alipour
creator: Amir Nori Deljogine
creator: Masome Azarkish
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50508

An Exploratory Study Using an Artificial Neural Network to Predict Fatigue from Mobile Phone Use: A Population-Based Survey in Algeria
type: item
description: Background: Mobile phones are widely used, raising questions about the possible health effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields they emit. Fatigue is frequently reported in this context, but it is influenced by multiple, interacting factors that are difficult to model with classical statistical methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) may help explore these complex relationships. Methods: An ANN model was developed to estimate fatigue associated with cell phone use. Data were collected via a semi-structured questionnaire completed by 478 Algerian participants. The survey recorded sociodemographic data and patterns of mobile phone use. The network had a 5-10-1 architecture, and its performance was evaluated by mean squared error (MSE) and the coefficient of determination (R²). A simple MATLAB interface was created to allow user input and display model outputs with a colour-coded indicator. Results: The ANN achieved an MSE of 0.5993, indicating that it reproduced some general patterns in the data. However, the coefficient of determination was low (R² = 0.0338), showing that only a small proportion of the variability in fatigue scores was explained and that individual predictions were imprecise. Conclusion: This exploratory study suggests that ANN-based models are feasible for analysing fatigue associated with mobile phone use, but the findings should be regarded as preliminary and are subject to some limitations. Larger, more diverse samples and richer, preferably objective, exposure and health measures will be required before such tools can be used for reliable risk assessment or public health guidance.
creator: Souad Boumaiza
creator: Saddek BOUHARATI
creator: Abdelouahab BOUZIDI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50757

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Paraquat Intoxication: A Systematic Review of Clinical Cases
type: item
description: Background: Paraquat is a widely used, inexpensive contact herbicide that can cause fulminant multi-organ failure and death after ingestion, and no specific antidote is available. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used sporadically as rescue therapy in patients with severe paraquat intoxication, but its impact on clinical outcomes remains uncertain. This study systematically reviews the existing evidence on ECMO use in paraquat poisoning. Methods: We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from database inception to 1 November 2023 for human studies reporting paraquat-poisoned patients treated with ECMO. Eligible designs included case reports and case series. Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Quantitative synthesis was descriptive, comparing survivors and non-survivors. Results: After removal of duplicates, 21 records were screened, and 14 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Nine studies published between 1985 and 2023, comprising 15 ECMO-treated patients, were included. The mean age was 27.3 ± 12.4 years. Survivors started ECMO later after paraquat ingestion than non-survivors (32.6 ± 8.8 vs 7.7 ± 8.4 days, P < 0.001). Survivors also had a longer hospital stay (78.5 ± 2.1 vs 21.8 ± 33.1 days, P = 0.049). In contrast, ECMO duration, indication for ECMO, concomitant extracorporeal therapies, and ECMO configuration (veno-venous vs. veno-arterial) were not significantly associated with survival. Most survivors underwent bilateral lung transplantation during or after ECMO support. Conclusion: The limited evidence suggests that ECMO may have a role, often alongside lung transplantation, in selected patients with paraquat poisoning. Larger registries and observational studies are needed to clarify patient selection, timing, and outcomes of ECMO in this setting.
creator: Shiva Samsamshariat
creator: Faeze Ebrahimi
creator: Rokhsareh Meamar
creator: Mohammadhadi Jalali
creator: Nastaran Eizadi-Mood
creator: Gholamreza Massoumi
creator: Gholamali Dorooshi
creator: Awat Feizi
creator: Rasool Nouri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.50723

A Systematic Review of Dermatologic Manifestations of Illicit Substance Use: Converging Vascular, Immune, and Behavioral Pathways
type: item
description: Background: Illicit substance use imposes a substantial global health burden, extending beyond well-characterised neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular sequelae to encompass clinically significant dermatological pathology. This review aims to systematically evaluate and classify the spectrum of dermatological disorders associated with major classes of illicit drugs, specifically opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, and novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Methods: A PRISMA-guided systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted. Observational studies and relevant case reports were included. Data on drug class, dermatological condition, pathophysiology, and prevalence were extracted. Results: Of 2,847 identified records, 184 studies met the inclusion criteria. Distinct patterns emerged: Opioids were primarily linked to injection-related complications and pruritus; Stimulants were strongly associated with psychocutaneous disorders and vasculopathies; Cannabis showed milder, often allergic manifestations, with severe reactions linked to synthetic cannabinoids; NPS presented with emerging patterns of severe excoriation and rash. Indirect effects from malnutrition and associated infections were prevalent across all user groups. Conclusion: Illicit drug use precipitates a wide range of direct and indirect cutaneous pathologies, often severe and substance-specific. The skin serves as a critical diagnostic indicator and a significant source of morbidity. In tegrated dermatological screening and management within addiction treatment frameworks are urgently needed to improve holistic care outcomes.
creator: Farifteh Esfahanian
creator: Maliheh Fallah
creator: Neda Vahed
creator: Shaghayegh Masoumzadeh
creator: Amir Ghaderi
creator: Ali Asghar Asadollahi Shahir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-06-23
publication date: 2026-06-23
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51860

Evaluation of the use of Lung transplantation in acute paraquat poisoning: A Review Study
type: item
description: Background: Acute paraquat poisoning remains a critical therapeutic challenge with high mortality, primarily due to irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. Lung transplantation (LT) maybe is the only definitive life-saving option for these patients. This systematic review aimed to investigate the factors associated with survival outcomes in patients who underwent LT following paraquat poisoning. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 12 reported cases from 1968 to 2025, identified through a comprehensive search of major international databases. The collected demographic, clinical, and outcome data were analyzed using statistical tests such as chi-square for categorical variables and t-test or Mann-Whitney U for continuous variables. Results: Among the analyzed patients, 9 (75%) survived, and 3 died. The analysis revealed a significant association between preoperative liver function (p=0.03) and the type of lung transplantation (p=0.025) with survival. A 100% survival rate was observed in patients with recovered liver function and in all patients, who received a bilateral LT. Furthermore, a significantly shorter time from poisoning to both ECMO initiation and LT was associated with higher mortality (p=0.025 and p=0.009, respectively). Conclusion: Lung transplantation is an effective treatment for paraquat poisoning with irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. Success depends on careful patient selection based on organ function recovery and optimal surgical timing, with ECMO serving as a crucial bridge. These findings underscore the need for standardized treatment protocols to maximize survival in this challenging patient population.
creator: Shiva Samsamshariat
creator: Mohammadhadi Jalali
creator: Rokhsareh Meamar
creator: Faeze Ebrahimi
creator: Nastaran Eizadi-Mood
creator: Gholamreza Maasoumi
creator: Gholamali Doroashi
creator: Awat Feizi
creator: Rasool Nouri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-22
publication date: 2026-08-22
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51119

Early Maladaptive Schemas and Internet Addiction: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background: Internet addiction (IA) and its subtypes such as problematic use of social media, online gaming addiction, online pornography addiction, and smartphone addiction are increasingly recognized as behavioral disorders with significant psychosocial consequences. Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), pervasive cognitive and emotional patterns formed in childhood, are thought to be the basis of vulnerability to these addictions. This review was conducted to systematically investigate the relationship between EMSs and various types of IA according to the PRISMA guidelines. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. The inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed quantitative and meta-analyzed studies in English that examined EMSs and any form of IA. Data extraction and study selection were performed according to the PRISMA standards. Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria including cross-sectional (6 studies), causal- comparative (one study), review (one study) and meta-analytic (one study) designs, covering general IA, problematic use of social media, online gaming addiction, online pornography addiction, and smartphone addiction. Disconnection/rejection, impaired autonomy/performance, and impaired limits were the most consistently implicated EMS domains in the study. Conclusion: EMSs are strongly associated with multiple forms of IA. Schema-focused interventions may be beneficial for prevention and treatment.
creator: Masoud Sedighi
creator: Reza Bekhradi
creator: Amir Ghaderi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51516

Cigarette Smoking-Induced MicroRNA Dysregulation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Systemic Disease Networks and Therapeutic Implications
type: item
description: Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‑coding transcripts that regulate gene expression and modulate diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, and immune responses. Cigarette smoking (CS) remains the leading preventable cause of global morbidity and mortality, with tobacco smoke comprising over 7,000 chemicals that inflict cellular damage through oxidative stress, DNA adduction, and epigenetic reprogramming. Accumulating evidence has established miRNAs as critical mediators of CS‑induced pathogenesis, with miRNA dysregulation now recognized as a fundamental mechanism linking smoking to a wide spectrum of human diseases. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the roles of miRNAs in smoking‑related malignancies, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disorders, psychiatric illnesses, dermatological conditions, and gastrointestinal diseases. Materials and Methods: This narrative review searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect (2007–2025). Seventy-three eligible studies on miRNA dysregulation in smoking-related diseases were qualitatively synthesized to assess molecular mechanisms and clinical potential. Results: The Rotterdam Study identified 41 circulating smoking-related miRNAs, 38 of which reversed after cessation. Cigarette smoke alters miRNA pathways involved in angiogenesis, COPD, inflammatory bowel disease, psychiatric disorders, and skin aging. These miRNA profiles may support non-invasive risk stratification, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring, although further validation and standardization are required. Conclusion: This review integrates epidemiological, experimental, and clinical findings to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding smoking‑induced miRNome remodeling and its contribution to disease burden, while identifying critical knowledge gaps for future research.
creator: Seyed Hosein Moosavipanah
creator: Nader Molavi
creator: Shervin Sadat Hashemian Esfahani
creator: Hassan Rajabi Moghadam
creator: Mohammadhadi Farahzadi
creator: Fateme Mehrzad
creator: Iman Saffari
creator: Samira Abbaszadeh-Mashkani
creator: Mohammad Amin Damyar
creator: Rouhollah Sarollahi
creator: Amir Ghaderi
creator: Somayeh Ghadami Dehkohneh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-22
publication date: 2026-08-22
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 27
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52813

A literature review of the neurobiological and behavioral substrates of food addiction
type: item
description: Background: Food addiction (FA) is a multifaceted behavioral disorder involving an uncontrollable craving for high-calorie, palatable foods. FA plays an important role in threatening public health. The purpose of this literature review is to systematically examine the multifaceted nature of FA by elucidating the neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors involved. Methods: This literature review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and searched international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, IranDoc, Civilica, and SID, from 2014 to July 2025. Fourteen high-quality studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified using relevant keywords. Results: Three main drivers of key pathophysiological mechanisms in FA have been identified: hormonal dysregulation, impaired inhibitory control, and reward system dysregulation. Two emerging research areas have also been identified: genetic and epigenetic factors and dysregulation of the gut-brain axis. Factors influencing the development of FA include individual, sociocultural, neurobiological, and cognitive factors. Conclusion: Managing FA requires an interdisciplinary approach targeting its behavioral and biological components. Effective prevention is a public health imperative that depends on a three-pronged strategy of public education, improved food policies, and healthier environments. This integrated approach, which spans subject treatment and population-level intervention, is essential to mitigating the incidence and societal burden of the disorder.
creator: Fatemeh Reisi
creator: Amir Ghaderi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.51143

Could the Withdrawal of Opium Tincture from Iran's Addiction Treatment Program Increase Acute Methadone Poisoning and Mortality?
type: item
creator: Kambiz Soltaninejad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-31
publication date: 2026-08-31
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.53054

Development of a Thin Layer Chromatography Method for the Qualitative Detection of Pregabalin in Human Urine
type: item
description: Background: Pregabalin (PGB) misuse represents a growing public health concern in Algeria, where routine urinary immunoassay screening is limited by elevated cut-off values (≥ 500 µg/L) and cross-reactivity with structurally related compounds, notably gabapentin. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple, low-cost thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method for the qualitative detection of pregabalin in human urine. Methods: Urine samples were acidified, extracted with ethyl acetate, and spotted onto silica gel plates. Development used a methanol–ammonia mobile phase (98.5:1.5, v/v), and detection was achieved by spraying with ninhydrin reagent followed by heating at 60°C, yielding a characteristic violet spot at Rf = 0.56. Results: The method demonstrated excellent selectivity (6/6 blank matrices), full specificity against a panel of 30 drugs and substances of abuse, a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 µg/L, and urine stability at −20°C for seven days. Applied to 87 clinical samples, TLC identified 10 false-negative immunoassay results and resolved 7 gabapentin-related false-positive cases, confirming its diagnostic value in resource-limited toxicology settings. Conclusion: This validated, chloroform-free TLC method provides a cost-effective, selective, and highly sensitive alternative for urinary pregabalin screening, making it an ideal tool for resource-limited toxicology laboratories.
creator: Bounab Moncef
creator: Cheima Boussebt
creator: Dehia Amrani
creator: Sonia Nait Ibrahim
creator: Abderrahmane Ahmanache
creator: Imane Kolli
creator: Salima Ettaieb Errahmani
creator: Salma Kaddour
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-06-28
publication date: 2026-06-28
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52078

Aquatic Plant–Associated Microbiomes as Biological Clocks for Postmortem Submersion Interval Estimation in Tropical Freshwater: A Proposed Framework
type: item
description: Background: Estimating the postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) is a persistent challenge in the forensic examination of bodies recovered from water. Established approaches like diatom analysis, aquatic entomology, and gross decomposition staging to lose reliability once remains are skeletonized or when seasonal and environmental conditions limit insect and algal evidence. The microbial “necrobiome” provides a complementary line of evidence: during decomposition, microbial communities undergo a time-ordered, reproducible sequence of changes. Methods: We hypothesize that a decomposing body submerged in freshwater alters the microbial communities associated with the biofilms of nearby aquatic macrophytes, notably water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), in a time-dependent manner usable for PMSI estimation. We outline a controlled mesocosm framework that compares three macrophytes, utilising destructive sampling across a 28-day interval, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and supervised machine-learning models. These models are validated by a leave-one-tank-out strategy and an independent run. Results: No data have yet been collected; this communication presents the hypothesis, rationale, and study design. If supported, plant-associated microbiomes could provide an independent PMSI estimator for tropical freshwater settings, a context currently absent from the necrobiome literature. Conclusion: This study presents a hypothesis-driven framework for PMSI estimation based on microbial succession associated with aquatic macrophytes. Experimental validation may establish this approach as a complementary forensic tool for aquatic death investigations in tropical freshwater ecosystems.
creator: RIYA RAJ
creator: Don Caeiro
creator: Nandini Katare
creator: Mayank David Raiborde
creator: Swetha Thomas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
volume: 16
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.52454