Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. among patients with gastrointestinal complaints referred to clinical laboratories of Tehran, Iran
Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench,
Vol. 9 No. 4 (2016),
9 October 2016
,
Page 301-307
https://doi.org/10.22037/ghfbb.v0i0.900
Abstract
Background: Cryptosporidium, an intracellular protozean parasite, is among the major causative agents of gastroenteritis disorders in humans and also causing water-borne and food-borne outbreaks of diarrheal diseases. This study investigated subtypes of Cryptosporidium in patients with gastrointestinal complaints in Tehran, Iran. Methods: A total of 1685 fecal samples were collected from patients with gastrointestinal complaints who had been referred to clinical laboratories Tehran, Iran. The primary diagnosis was established by detection of oocysts using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining method and following that, the positive microscopically samples were selected for sequence analysis of partial 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Results: Out of 1685 collected samples, 7 (0.4 %) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Sequences analysis of gp60 gene in seven Cryptosporidium isolates revealed that, two subtype families were identified, IIa and IId. Five (of 7) isolates belonged to the subtype family IIa and remaining 2 isolates belonged to IId. Three sub-types were recognized within the subtype family IIa including IIaA16G2R1 (3/5), IIaA17G1R1 (2/5), while IIdA17G1d was the only subtype within IId subtype family. Conclusion: The predominance of zoonotic subtype families of C. parvum species (IIa, IId) in this study highlights the importance of zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis in the country.
- cryptosporidiosis
- Cryptosporidium
- parvum.
How to Cite
References
Haghighi A, Khorashad AS, Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E, Kazemi B, Rostami Nejad M, Rasti S. Frequency of enteric protozoan parasites among patients with gastrointestinal complaints in medical centers of Zahedan, Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 May;103(5):452-4.
Xiao L, Bern C, Sulaiman IM, Lal AA. Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis. In: Thompson M, editor. Cryptosporidium: from molecules to disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2004. pp. 121–46.
Xiao L. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Exp Parasitol. 2010;124:80–89.
Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Keshavarz A, Taghipour N, Haghighi A, Kazemi B, Athari A. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in clinical samples: PCR-RFLP analysis of the TRAP-C2 gene. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2011;4:29–33.
Fayer R .Cryptosporidium: a waterborne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol. 2004;126:37-56.
Keshavarz A, Athari A, Haghighi A, Kazami B, Abadi A, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, et al. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. among children with diarrhea in Tehran and Qazvin provinces, Iran. Iranian J Parasitol. 2008;3:30–36.
Plutzer J, Karanis P. Genetic polymorphism in Cryptosporidium species: An update. Vet Parasitol.2009;165:187–99.
Sharbatkhori M, Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E, Taghipour N, Pagheh AS, Mesgarian F. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Spp. In Diarrheic Children from Gonbad Kavoos City, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2015 Jul-Sep;10(3):441-7.
Moghadam AA. Symptomatic and asymptomatic cryptosporidiosis in young children in Iran. Pak J boil Sci 2008; 10: 1108-12.
Mirzaei M. prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. Infection in diarrheic and non diarrheic human in Iran. Korean J Parasitol 2007; 45: 133-37.
Khalili B, Mardani M. Frequency of Cryptosporidium and risk factors related to cryptosporidiosis in under 5–year old hospitalized children due to diarrhea. Iranian J Clil Infec Dis 2009; 4: 151-55.
Hoghooghi-Rad N. Some epidemiological aspects of cryptosporidiosis in Ahvaz, center of Khoozestan Province, Islamic Republic of Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 1994; 1: 17-22.
Nouri M, Moghadam A, Haghighatnia H. Cryptosporidium infection in human diarrhea patients in West Azerbaijan, Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 1991; 2: 35-38.
Meamar AR, Rezaian M, Rezaie S, Mohraz M, Mohebali M, Mohammad K, et al. SSU-rRNA gene analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in HIV positive and negative patients. Iranian J Publ Health. 2006;35:1–7.
Taghipour N, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Haghighi A, Rostami- Nejad M, Romani S, Keshavarz A, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in Iranian children admitted to a Pediatric hospital in Tehran, Iran. Iranian J parasitol. 2011;6:41–45.
Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Taghipour N, Haghighi A, Keshavarz A, Rostami Nejad M, Zali MR. DNA fingerprinting of bovine Cryptosporidium isolates in Qazvin province. Iran koomesh. 2011;12:408–12.
Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Haghighi A, Taghipour N, Keshavarz A, Mohebbi SR, Zali MR, Xiao L. Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis isolates from humans and cattle in Iran. Vet Parasitol. 2011;179:250–52.
Sulaiman IM, Hira PR, Zhou L, Al-Ali FM, Al-Shelahi FA, Shweiki HM, et al. Unique endemicity of cryptosporidiosis in children in Kuwait. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:2805–809.
Keshavarz A, Haghighi A, Athari A, Kazemi B, Abadi A, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E. Prevalence and molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium in Qazvin province, Iran. Vet Parasitol.2009;160:316–18.
Mahmoudi MR, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Kazemi B, Haghighi A, Mirzaei A, Mohammadiha A, Jahantab S, Xiao L, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes distribution in river water in Iran. J Water Health. 2015 Jun;13(2):600-6.
Casemore, D.P., Armstrong, M., Sands, R.L., 1985. Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 38, 1337–1341.
Wang, R.J. et al. Cryptosporidium parvum IId family: clonal population and dispersal from Western Asia to other geographical regions. Sci. Rep. 4, 4208.
Pirestani M, Sadraei J, Dalimi asl A, Zavvar M, Vaeznia H. Molecular characterization ofCryptosporidium isolates from human and bovine using 18s rRNA gene in Shahriar county of Tehran, Iran.Parasitol Res. 2008;103:467–72.
Zavvar M, Sadraei J, Emadi H, Pirestani M. The use of a nested PCR-RFLP technique, based on the parasite's 18S ribosomal RNA, to characterise Cryptosporidium isolates from HIV/AIDS patients. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008;102:597–601.
Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Feng Y, Xiao L. The importance of subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in epidemiological investigations of human cryptosporidiosis in Iran and other Mideast countries. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2012 Spring;5(2):67-70.
Cama VA, Bern C, Roberts J, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children. Peru Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(10):1567–74.
Valenzuela O, González-Díaz M, Garibay-Escobar A, Burgara-Estrella A, Cano M, Durazo M, Bernal RM, Hernandez J, Xiao L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in children from Mexico.PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4):e96128.
Sharma P, Sharma A, Sehgal R, Malla N, Khurana S. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium isolates from patients in North India. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(8):e601–e05.
Helmy YA, Krücken J, Nöckler K, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Zessin KH. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in livestock animals and humans in the Ismailia province of Egypt. Vet Parasitol.2013;193(1–3):15–24.
O’Brien E, McInnes L, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium GP60 genotypes from humans and domesticated animals in Australia, North America and Europe. Exp Parasitol. 2008;118(1):118–21.
Alyousefi NA, Mahdy MA, Lim YA, Xiao L, Mahmud R. First molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in Yemen. Parasitology. 2013;140(06):729–34.
Guyot K, Follet-Dumoulin A, Lelievre E, Sarfati C, Rabodonirina M, Nevez G, Cailliez JC, Camus D, Dei-Cas E. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from humans in France. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(10):3472–80.
Lim YA, Iqbal A, Surin J, Sim BL, Jex AR, Nolan MJ, Smith HV, Gasser RB. First genetic classification of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from HIV/AIDS patients in Malaysia. Infect Genet Evol.2011;11(5):968–74.
Alves M, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Lal AA, Matos O, Antunes F. Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporid-ium isolates from humans, cattle, and zoo ruminants in Portugal. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(6):2744–47.
Muñoz-Antoli C, Pavón A, Marcilla A, Toledo R, Esteban JG. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in schoolchild-ren from department of Rio San Juan (Nicaragua) Trop Biomed. 2011;28(1):40–47.
Wielinga PR, de Vries A, van der Goot TH, Mank T, Mars MH, Kortbeek LM, van der Giessen WB. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in humans and cattle in The Netherlands. Int J Parasitol.2008;38(7):809–17.
Insulander M, Silverlås C, Lebbad M, Karlsson L, Mattsson JG, Svenungsson B. Molecular epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden. Epidemiol Infect.2013;141(5):1009–20.
McLauchlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-Díaz S, Nichols GL. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(11):3984–90.
Quilez J, Torres E, Chalmers RM, Hadfield SJ, Del Cacho E, Sanchez-Acedo C. Genotype and subtype characterization of Cryptosporidium in lambs and goat kids in Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol.2008;74:6026–31.
Amer S, Honma H, Ikarashi M, Tada C, Fukuda Y, Suyama Y, Nakai Y. Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes in dairy calves in Egypt. Vet Parasitol. 2010;169:382–86.
Wang R, Wang H, Sun Y, Zhang L, Jian F, Qi M, et al. Characteristics of Cryptosporidium transmission in pre-weaned dairy cattle in Henan, China. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:1077–82.
Tamer GS, Turk M, Dagci H, Pektas B, Guy EC, Guruz AY, et al. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Turkish children, and genotyping of isolates by nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Saudi Med J. 2007;28:1243–46.
Al-Brikan FA, Salem HS, Beeching N, Hilal N. Multilocus genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2008;38:645–58.
Hijjawi N, Ng J, Yang R, Atoum MF, Ryan U. Identification of rare and novel Cryptosporidium GP60 subtypes in human isolates from Jordan. Exp Parasitol. 2010;125:161–64.
Iqbal J, Khalid N, Hira PR. Cryptosporidiosis in Kuwaiti children: association of clinical characteristics with Cryptosporidium species and subtypes. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60:647–52.
Iqbal A, Lim YAL, Surin J, Sim BLH (2012) High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Subgenotypes Identified in Malaysian HIV/AIDS Individuals Targeting gp60 Gene. PLoS ONE 7(2): e31139. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031139
Vieira P.M., Mederle N., Lobo M.L., Imre K., Mederle O., Xiao L., Darabus G., Matos O. 2015: Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa) in children and cattle in Romania. Folia Parasitol. 62: 002.
- Abstract Viewed: 378 times
- PDF Downloaded: 234 times