Gut microbiota, angiotensin-converting enzyme, celiac disease, and risk of COVID-19 infection: a review
Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench,
Vol. 14 No. Supplement 1 (2021),
30 December 2021
https://doi.org/10.22037/ghfbb.vi.2487
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract in a genetically susceptible person. Gluten is the most crucial trigger factor for CD, and environmental factors such as microbiota and opportunistic infection risk its pathogenesis.
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) spread rapidly and became a problem for healthcare systems worldwide. Little is known about the risk of severe COVID-19 and the role of dysbiosis among patients with CD. There is also a lack of knowledge about the effects of CD gut microbiota on COVID-19 infection. Therefore, the current review discusses the relationship between CD and risk factors such as microbiota for susceptibility to COVID-19.
Keywords:
- Celiac disease, COVID19, Gut microbiota, SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 receptor
How to Cite
Gholam-Mostafaei, F. S., Didari, T. ., Ramandi, M., Vafaee, R., & Rostami Nejad, M. . (2021). Gut microbiota, angiotensin-converting enzyme, celiac disease, and risk of COVID-19 infection: a review . Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench, 14(Supplement 1). https://doi.org/10.22037/ghfbb.vi.2487
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2. Kårhus LL, Gunnes N, Størdal K, Bakken IJ, Tapia G, Stene LC, et al. Influenza and risk of later celiac disease: a cohort study of 2.6 million people. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2018;53(1):15-23.
3. Jabri B, Sollid LM. Tissue-mediated control of immunopathology in coeliac disease. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2009;9(12):858-70.
4. Wucherpfennig KW. Mechanisms for the induction of autoimmunity by infectious agents. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2001;108(8):1097-104.
5. Airaksinen L, Myllymäki L, Kaukinen K, Saavalainen P, Huhtala H, Lindfors K, et al. Differences Between Familial and Sporadic Celiac Disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2020:1-8.
6. Kaur N, Bhadada SK, Minz RW, Dayal D, Kochhar R. Interplay between type 1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease: implications in treatment. Digestive Diseases. 2018;36(6):399-408.
7. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Jama. 2020;323(13):1239-42.
8. Lewis D. Is the coronavirus airborne? Experts can’t agree. Nature. 2020;580(7802):175.
9. Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Graham MS, Joshi AD, Guo C-G, Ma W, et al. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(9):e475-e83.
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11. Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, Nix WA, Campagnoli R, Icenogle JP, et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. science. 2003;300(5624):1394-9.
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13. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2020:1-6.
14. Lovato A, de Filippis C, Marioni G. Upper airway symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2020.
15. Ng SC, Tilg H. COVID-19 and the gastrointestinal tract: more than meets the eye. Gut. 2020;69(6):973-4.
16. COVID C. 19 (SARS-CoV-2)| Johns Hopkins ABX Guide.
17. Ye Z-W, Yuan S, Yuen K-S, Fung S-Y, Chan C-P, Jin D-Y. Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses. International journal of biological sciences. 2020;16(10):1686.
18. Lubbe L, Cozier GE, Oosthuizen D, Acharya KR, Sturrock ED. ACE2 and ACE: structure-based insights into mechanism, regulation and receptor recognition by SARS-CoV. Clinical Science. 2020;134(21):2851-71.
19. Acharya KR, Sturrock ED, Riordan JF, Ehlers MR. Ace revisited: a new target for structure-based drug design. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2003;2(11):891-902.
20. Zisman LS. ACE and ACE2: a tale of two enzymes. Oxford University Press; 2005.
21. Roca-Ho H, Riera M, Palau V, Pascual J, Soler MJ. Characterization of ACE and ACE2 expression within different organs of the NOD mouse. International journal of molecular sciences. 2017;18(3):563.
22. Novel CPERE. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi= Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi. 2020;41(2):145.
23. Yang J, Petitjean S, Derclaye S, Koehler M, Zhang Q, Dumitru AC, et al. Molecular interaction and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 binding to the ACE2 receptor. 2020.
24. Chibbar R, Dieleman LA. The gut microbiota in celiac disease and probiotics. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2375.
25. Levy M, Kolodziejczyk AA, Thaiss CA, Elinav E. Dysbiosis and the immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2017;17(4):219-32.
26. Khan I, Ullah N, Zha L, Bai Y, Khan A, Zhao T, et al. Alteration of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Cause or consequence? IBD treatment targeting the gut microbiome. Pathogens. 2019;8(3):126.
27. Gurung M, Li Z, You H, Rodrigues R, Jump DB, Morgun A, et al. Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. EBioMedicine. 2020;51:102590.
28. Tang WW, Kitai T, Hazen SL. Gut microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease. Circulation research. 2017;120(7):1183-96.
29. Bodkhe R, Shetty SA, Dhotre DP, Verma AK, Bhatia K, Mishra A, et al. Comparison of small gut and whole gut microbiota of first-degree relatives with adult celiac disease patients and controls. Frontiers in microbiology. 2019;10:164.
30. AKTAŞ B, Aslim B. Gut-lung axis and dysbiosis in COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2020;44(SI-1):265-72.
31. Groff A, Kavanaugh M, Ramgobin D, McClafferty B, Aggarwal CS, Golamari R, et al. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19: A Review of What We Know. Ochsner Journal. 2021;21(2):177-80.
32. Dhar D, Mohanty A. Gut microbiota and Covid-19-possible link and implications. Virus Research. 2020:198018.
33. Lamers MM, Beumer J, van der Vaart J, Knoops K, Puschhof J, Breugem TI, et al. SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes. Science. 2020.
34. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1831-3. e3.
35. Zuo T, Liu Q, Zhang F, Lui GC-Y, Tso EY, Yeoh YK, et al. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2020.
36. Fasano A, Catassi C. Celiac disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(25):2419-26.
37. Gholam Mostafaei FS R-NM, Emadi A, Yadegar A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR. Changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota in celiac disease. koomesh. 2021;23(3):301-16.
38. Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Francavilla R, Pulvirenti A, Tonutti E, Amarri S, et al. Introduction of gluten, HLA status, and the risk of celiac disease in children. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;371(14):1295-303.
39. Olivares M, Neef A, Castillejo G, De Palma G, Varea V, Capilla A, et al. The HLA-DQ2 genotype selects for early intestinal microbiota composition in infants at high risk of developing coeliac disease. Gut. 2015;64(3):406-17.
40. Sánchez E, De Palma G, Capilla A, Nova E, Pozo T, Castillejo G, et al. Influence of environmental and genetic factors linked to celiac disease risk on infant gut colonization by Bacteroides species. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2011;77(15):5316-23.
41. Palma Gd, Nova E, Pozo Rubio T, Sanz Y. Interplay between human leukocyte antigen genes and the microbial colonization process of the newborn intestine. 2010.
42. Sellitto M, Bai G, Serena G, Fricke WF, Sturgeon C, Gajer P, et al. Proof of concept of microbiome-metabolome analysis and delayed gluten exposure on celiac disease autoimmunity in genetically at-risk infants. PloS one. 2012;7(3):e33387.
43. Leonard MM, Karathia H, Pujolassos M, Troisi J, Valitutti F, Subramanian P, et al. Multi-omics analysis reveals the influence of genetic and environmental risk factors on developing gut microbiota in infants at risk of celiac disease. 2020.
44. Cabral DJ, Penumutchu S, Reinhart EM, Zhang C, Korry BJ, Wurster JI, et al. Microbial metabolism modulates antibiotic susceptibility within the murine gut microbiome. Cell metabolism. 2019;30(4):800-23. e7.
45. Harnett J, Myers SP, Rolfe M. Probiotics and the microbiome in celiac disease: a randomised controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;2016.
46. Nistal E, Caminero A, Herrán AR, Arias L, Vivas S, de Morales JMR, et al. Differences of small intestinal bacteria populations in adults and children with/without celiac disease: effect of age, gluten diet, and disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases. 2012;18(4):649-56.
47. Ghasiyari H, Nejad MR, Amani D, Zali MR. Crucial role of innate immune system in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Arvand Journal of Health and Medical Sciences. 2016;1(3).
48. Ludvigsson JF, Olén O, Bell M, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Coeliac disease and risk of sepsis. Gut. 2008;57(8):1074-80.
49. Thomas HJ, Wotton CJ, Yeates D, Ahmad T, Jewell DP, Goldacre MJ. Pneumococcal infection in patients with coeliac disease. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology. 2008;20(7):624-8.
50. Lebwohl B, Nobel YR, Green PH, Blaser MJ, Ludvigsson JF. Risk of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with celiac disease: a population-based study. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2017;112(12):1878.
51. Zhen J, Stefanolo JP, de la Paz Temprano M, Tedesco S, Seiler C, Caminero AF, et al. The risk of contracting COVID-19 is not increased in patients with celiac disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2021;19(2):391-3.
52. Lionetti E, Fabbrizi A, Catassi C. Prevalence of COVID-19 in Italian children with celiac disease: a cross-sectional study. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2021;19(5):1075.
53. university C. Registry for People with Celiac Disease who are Diagnosed with COVID-19 2020 [Available from: https://covidceliac.org/.
54. Elli L, Scaramella L, Lombardo V, Scricciolo A, Doneda L, Roncoroni L, et al. Refractory celiac disease and COVID-19 outbreak: findings from a high incidence scenario in Northern Italy. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology. 2020.
55. Goto Y. Epithelial Cells as a Transmitter of Signals From Commensal Bacteria and Host Immune Cells. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2057.
56. Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2020.
57. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
58. Nistal E, Caminero A, Vivas S, de Morales JMR, de Miera LES, Rodríguez-Aparicio LB, et al. Differences in faecal bacteria populations and faecal bacteria metabolism in healthy adults and celiac disease patients. Biochimie. 2012;94(8):1724-9.
59. D'argenio V, Casaburi G, Precone V, Pagliuca C, Colicchio R, Sarnataro D, et al. Metagenomics reveals dysbiosis and a potentially pathogenic N. flavescens strain in duodenum of adult celiac patients. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2016;111(6):879.
60. Perlot T, Penninger JM. ACE2–From the renin–angiotensin system to gut microbiota and malnutrition. Microbes and infection. 2013;15(13):866-73.
61. Gao QY, Chen YX, Fang JY. 2019 novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract. Journal of digestive diseases. 2020;21(3):125-6.
62. Taxonera C, Sagastagoitia I, Alba C, Mañas N, Olivares D, Rey E. 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID‐19) in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2020.
63. Zhang D, Li S, Wang N, Tan H-Y, Zhang Z, Feng Y. The cross-talk between gut microbiota and lungs in common lung diseases. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020;11.
64. Pecora F, Persico F, Gismondi P, Fornaroli F, Iuliano S, de'Angelis GL, et al. Gut Microbiota in Celiac Disease: Is There Any Role for Probiotics? Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:957.
65. Garg M, Royce SG, Lubel JS. intestinal inflammation, COVID‐19 and gastrointestinal ACE2–exploring RAS inhibitors. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2020.
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