ISSN: 2008-2258
Vol 15, No 3 (2022): Summer
Prevalence of Enteric Adenovirus Gastroenteritis and Co-infection with Rotavirus in under-Five-Year-Old Children, Qom-Iran Prevalence of Adenovirus and Co-infection with Rotavirus
Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench,
,
https://doi.org/10.22037/ghfbb.v15i3.2483
Abstract
Aim: The study was performed to determine the prevalence and co-infections with Rotavirus in children under five years of age.
Background: Gastroenteritis-associated viral infections are a cause of death among young children in Worldwide, especially in developing countries. The species F Adenovirus (40 and 41) is responsible for rang of the cases of acute diarrhea among infants children.
Methods: During 9 months, 130 children with intestinal symptoms referred to the pediatric ward of the hospital were enrolled in this study. After collecting fecal samples, viral genomes were extracted; and then amplified and typed using polymerase chain reaction by Adenovirus-specific primers. Rotavirus was detected in our previous study on the same samples and the results were used to evaluate for co-infection.
Results: Mean age of the patients was 32.09±32.68 months. 60% and 40% of the patients were males and females, respectively. Adenovirus infection was identified among 23 cases of the children (17.7%), 21 cases (91%) type 41 and 2 cases (9%) type 40. Fever was the most clinical manifestation and there were no significant relations between the clinical symptoms and the Adenovirus infection. Co-infection was found in only 5 cases (21.7%) of patients.
Conclusion: These data show that Adenovirus infection plays an important role in acute diarrheal infection in Qom. In addition, our findings indicated that there was a co-infection between Adenovirus and Rotavirus, stating a serious problem in children less than five years of age.
Keywords:
- Adenovirus, Rotavirus, Co-infection, Gastroenteritis
How to Cite
Shams, S., Tafaroji, J., Aghaali, M., Ahmadi, N., Heydari, H., Mousavi Nasab, S. D., & Kumar Maurya, V. (2022). Prevalence of Enteric Adenovirus Gastroenteritis and Co-infection with Rotavirus in under-Five-Year-Old Children, Qom-Iran: Prevalence of Adenovirus and Co-infection with Rotavirus. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.22037/ghfbb.v15i3.2483
References
References
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3. Santosham M: Oral rehydration therapy: reverse transfer of technology. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2002, 156(12):1177-1179.
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9. Echavarría M: Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts. Clinical microbiology reviews 2008, 21(4):704-715.
10. Najafi A, Najafi S, Vahdat K, Kargar M, Javdani N: Importance of viral pathogens in children with acute gastroenteritis in the south of Iran. Annals of Saudi medicine 2013, 33(2):124-129.
11. Allard A, Girones R, Juto P, Wadell G: Polymerase chain reaction for detection of adenoviruses in stool samples. Journal of clinical microbiology 1990, 28(12):2659-2667.
12. Aminu M, Ahmad A, Umoh J, De Beer M, Esona M, Steele A: Adenovirus infection in children with diarrhea disease in Northwestern Nigeria. Annals of African medicine 2007, 6(4).
13. Faden H, Wilby M, Hainer Z-D, Rush-Wilson K, Ramani R, Lamson D, Boromisa R: Pediatric adenovirus infection: relationship of clinical spectrum, seasonal distribution, and serotype. Clinical pediatrics 2011, 50(6):483-487.
14. Romo-Saenz CI, Medina-Soltero MR, Delgado-Gardea M, Carmen E, Zavala-Diaz de la Serna FJ, Tamez-Guerra P, Contreras-Palma M, Gonzalez-Horta MdC, Erosa-de la Vega G, Gomez-Flores R: Human Enteric Circulating Viruses and Co-infections Among Hospitalized Children with Severe Acute Gastroenteritis in Chihuahua, Mexico, During 2010-2011. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2020, 13(2).
15. Makimaa H, Ingle H, Baldridge MT: Enteric viral co-infections: Pathogenesis and perspective. Viruses 2020, 12(8):904.
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19. Xu W, McDonough MC, Erdman DD: Species-specific identification of human adenoviruses by a multiplex PCR assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000, 38(11):4114-4120.
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22. Nasab SDM, Sabahi F, Makvandi M, Samiee SM, Nadji SA, Ravanshad M: Epidemiology of rotavirus-norovirus co-infection and determination of norovirus genogrouping among children with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran. Iranian biomedical journal 2016, 20(5):280-286.
23. Khoshdel A, Parvin N, Doosti A, Famouri F: Prevalence of nosocomial diarrhea due to adenoviruses 40 and 41 in a paediatric ward in Iran. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR 2015, 9(12):SC15.
24. Bonot S, Ogorzaly L, El Moualij B, Zorzi W, Cauchie H-M: Detection of small amounts of human adenoviruses in stools: comparison of a new immuno real-time PCR assay with classical tools. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014, 20(12):O1010-O1016.
25. Samarbaf-Zadeh A, Pirmoradi R, Shamsizadeh A, Makvandi M: Prevalence of adenoviruses 40 and 41 in children less than five years suffering from acute gastroenteritis hospitalized in Ahvaz Abuzar Hospital. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2010, 3(2):48-52.
26. Hamkar R, Yahyapour Y, Noroozi M, Nourijelyani K, Jalilvand S, Adibi L, Vaziri S, Poor-Babaei A, Pakfetrat A, Savad-Koohi R: Prevalence of rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus infections among patients with acute gastroenteritis in, Northern Iran. Iranian journal of public health 2010, 39(2):45.
27. Shokrollahi MR, Noorbakhsh S, Monavari HR, Darestani SG, Motlagh AV, Nia SJ: Acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in hospitalized children: a cross sectional study. Jundishapur journal of microbiology 2014, 7(12).
28. Grimwood K, Carzino R, Barnes GL, Bishop RF: Patients with enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis admitted to an Australian pediatric teaching hospital from 1981 to 1992. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33(1):131-136.
29. Bon F, Fascia P, Dauvergne M, Tenenbaum D, Planson H, Petion A, Pothier P, Kohli E: Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France. Journal of clinical microbiology 1999, 37(9):3055-3058.
30. Li L, Phan TG, Nguyen TA, Kim KS, Seo JK, Shimizu H, Suzuki E, Okitsu S, Ushijima H: Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus infection among pediatric population with diarrhea in Asia. Microbiology and immunology 2005, 49(2):121-128.
31. Herrmann JE, Blacklow NR, Perron-Henry DM, Clements E, Taylor DN, Echeverria P: Incidence of enteric adenoviruses among children in Thailand and the significance of these viruses in gastroenteritis. Journal of clinical microbiology 1988, 26(9):1783-1786.
32. Jarecki-Khan K, Tzipori SR, Unicomb LE: Enteric adenovirus infection among infants with diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. Journal of clinical microbiology 1993, 31(3):484-489.
33. Cruz JR, Caceres P, Cano F, Flores J, Bartlett A, Torun B: Adenovirus types 40 and 41 and rotaviruses associated with diarrhea in children from Guatemala. J Clin Microbiol 1990, 28(8):1780-1784.
34. Rezaei M, Sohrabi A, Edalat R, Siadat SD, Gomari H, Rezaei M, Gilani SM: Molecular epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis caused by subgenus F (40, 41) enteric adenoviruses in inpatient children. Laboratory Medicine 2012, 43(1):10-15.
35. Liu L, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Jia L, Dong H: Epidemiological aspects of rotavirus and adenovirus in hospitalized children with diarrhea: a 5-year survey in Beijing. BMC infectious diseases 2016, 16(1):508-515.
36. Yassin BAG, Ali SHM, Abu Al-ess HQM, Mohammed KIA, Al-Timimi MF, Al-Janabi MKW, Al-Wadi GIA, Mousa JM: A Trend of Seasonality of Enteric Adenoviral Gastroenteritis in Pediatric Patients Less than Five Years from Baghdad. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science 2018, 6(4):18-23.
37. De Jong J, Kapsenberg JG, Muzerie C, Wermenbol A, Kidd A, Wadell G, Firtzlaff RG, Wigand R: Candidate adenoviruses 40 and 41: fastidious adenoviruses from human infant stool. Journal of medical virology 1983, 11(3):215-231.
38. Kotloff KL, Losonsky GA, Morris JG, Wasserman SS, Singh-Naz N, Levine MM: Enteric adenovirus infection and childhood diarrhea: an epidemiologic study in three clinical settings. Pediatrics 1989, 84(2):219-225.
39. Akan H, İzbırak G, Gürol Y, Sarıkaya S, Gündüz TS, Yılmaz G, Hayran O, Vitrinel A: Rotavirus and adenovirus frequency among patients with acute gastroenteritis and their relationship to clinical parameters: a retrospective study in Turkey. Asia Pacific family medicine 2009, 8(1):8.
40. Oyinloye S, Misherima K: Detection of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in Diarrhoeic Stool of Children at a Primary Health Care Centre, Borno State.
41. Kamal Allayeh A, Mostafa El Baz R, Mohamed Saeed N, El Sayed Osman M: Detection and genotyping of viral gastroenteritis in hospitalized children below five years old in Cairo, Egypt. Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2018, 6(3).
1. Bresee JS, Duggan C, Glass RI, King CK: Managing acute gastroenteritis among children; oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. 2003.
2. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, Tarr PI, Steiner TS, Kotloff K, Langley JM, Wanke C, Warren CA, Cheng AC: 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 65(12):e45-e80.
3. Santosham M: Oral rehydration therapy: reverse transfer of technology. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2002, 156(12):1177-1179.
4. Wilhelmi I, Roman E, Sanchez-Fauquier A: Viruses causing gastroenteritis. Clinical microbiology and infection 2003, 9(4):247-262.
5. Chow CM, Leung AK, Hon KL: Acute gastroenteritis: from guidelines to real life. Clinical and experimental gastroenterology 2010, 3:97-112.
6. Khanal S, Ghimire P, Dhamoon A: The repertoire of adenovirus in human disease: the innocuous to the deadly. Biomedicines 2018, 6(1):30.
7. Lynch JP, Fishbein M, Echavarria M: Adenovirus. In: Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine: 2011. © Thieme Medical Publishers: 494-511.
8. Ghebremedhin B: Human adenovirus: Viral pathogen with increasing importance. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 2014, 4(1):26-33.
9. Echavarría M: Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts. Clinical microbiology reviews 2008, 21(4):704-715.
10. Najafi A, Najafi S, Vahdat K, Kargar M, Javdani N: Importance of viral pathogens in children with acute gastroenteritis in the south of Iran. Annals of Saudi medicine 2013, 33(2):124-129.
11. Allard A, Girones R, Juto P, Wadell G: Polymerase chain reaction for detection of adenoviruses in stool samples. Journal of clinical microbiology 1990, 28(12):2659-2667.
12. Aminu M, Ahmad A, Umoh J, De Beer M, Esona M, Steele A: Adenovirus infection in children with diarrhea disease in Northwestern Nigeria. Annals of African medicine 2007, 6(4).
13. Faden H, Wilby M, Hainer Z-D, Rush-Wilson K, Ramani R, Lamson D, Boromisa R: Pediatric adenovirus infection: relationship of clinical spectrum, seasonal distribution, and serotype. Clinical pediatrics 2011, 50(6):483-487.
14. Romo-Saenz CI, Medina-Soltero MR, Delgado-Gardea M, Carmen E, Zavala-Diaz de la Serna FJ, Tamez-Guerra P, Contreras-Palma M, Gonzalez-Horta MdC, Erosa-de la Vega G, Gomez-Flores R: Human Enteric Circulating Viruses and Co-infections Among Hospitalized Children with Severe Acute Gastroenteritis in Chihuahua, Mexico, During 2010-2011. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2020, 13(2).
15. Makimaa H, Ingle H, Baldridge MT: Enteric viral co-infections: Pathogenesis and perspective. Viruses 2020, 12(8):904.
16. Motamedifar M, Amini E, Shirazi PT: Frequency of rotavirus and adenovirus gastroenteritis among children in Shiraz, Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2013, 15(8):729-733.
17. Sanaei Dashti A, Ghahremani P, Hashempoor T, Karimi A: Molecular epidemiology of enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis in under-five-year-old children in Iran. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016, 2016.
18. Yousefi M, Nejati A, Zahraei SM, Mahmoudi S, Parhizgari N, Farsani SMJ, Mahmoodi M, Nategh R, Shahmahmoodi S: Enteroviruses and Adenoviruses in stool specimens of paralytic children-can they be the cause of paralysis? Iranian journal of microbiology 2018, 10(3):194.
19. Xu W, McDonough MC, Erdman DD: Species-specific identification of human adenoviruses by a multiplex PCR assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000, 38(11):4114-4120.
20. Shams S, Nasab SDM, Heydari H, Tafaroji J, Ahmadi N, Afzali ES: Detection and characterization of rotavirus G and P types from children with acute gastroenteritis in Qom, central Iran. Gastroenterology and Hepatology From Bed to Bench 2020, 13(Suppl1):S128.
21. Pereira Filho E, da Costa Faria NR, Fialho AM, de Assis RS, Almeida MMS, Rocha M, Galvao M, dos Santos FB, Barreto ML, Leite JPG: Adenoviruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized and community children up to 5 years old in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador, Brazil. Journal of medical microbiology 2007, 56(3):313-319.
22. Nasab SDM, Sabahi F, Makvandi M, Samiee SM, Nadji SA, Ravanshad M: Epidemiology of rotavirus-norovirus co-infection and determination of norovirus genogrouping among children with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran. Iranian biomedical journal 2016, 20(5):280-286.
23. Khoshdel A, Parvin N, Doosti A, Famouri F: Prevalence of nosocomial diarrhea due to adenoviruses 40 and 41 in a paediatric ward in Iran. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR 2015, 9(12):SC15.
24. Bonot S, Ogorzaly L, El Moualij B, Zorzi W, Cauchie H-M: Detection of small amounts of human adenoviruses in stools: comparison of a new immuno real-time PCR assay with classical tools. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014, 20(12):O1010-O1016.
25. Samarbaf-Zadeh A, Pirmoradi R, Shamsizadeh A, Makvandi M: Prevalence of adenoviruses 40 and 41 in children less than five years suffering from acute gastroenteritis hospitalized in Ahvaz Abuzar Hospital. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2010, 3(2):48-52.
26. Hamkar R, Yahyapour Y, Noroozi M, Nourijelyani K, Jalilvand S, Adibi L, Vaziri S, Poor-Babaei A, Pakfetrat A, Savad-Koohi R: Prevalence of rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus infections among patients with acute gastroenteritis in, Northern Iran. Iranian journal of public health 2010, 39(2):45.
27. Shokrollahi MR, Noorbakhsh S, Monavari HR, Darestani SG, Motlagh AV, Nia SJ: Acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in hospitalized children: a cross sectional study. Jundishapur journal of microbiology 2014, 7(12).
28. Grimwood K, Carzino R, Barnes GL, Bishop RF: Patients with enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis admitted to an Australian pediatric teaching hospital from 1981 to 1992. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33(1):131-136.
29. Bon F, Fascia P, Dauvergne M, Tenenbaum D, Planson H, Petion A, Pothier P, Kohli E: Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France. Journal of clinical microbiology 1999, 37(9):3055-3058.
30. Li L, Phan TG, Nguyen TA, Kim KS, Seo JK, Shimizu H, Suzuki E, Okitsu S, Ushijima H: Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus infection among pediatric population with diarrhea in Asia. Microbiology and immunology 2005, 49(2):121-128.
31. Herrmann JE, Blacklow NR, Perron-Henry DM, Clements E, Taylor DN, Echeverria P: Incidence of enteric adenoviruses among children in Thailand and the significance of these viruses in gastroenteritis. Journal of clinical microbiology 1988, 26(9):1783-1786.
32. Jarecki-Khan K, Tzipori SR, Unicomb LE: Enteric adenovirus infection among infants with diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. Journal of clinical microbiology 1993, 31(3):484-489.
33. Cruz JR, Caceres P, Cano F, Flores J, Bartlett A, Torun B: Adenovirus types 40 and 41 and rotaviruses associated with diarrhea in children from Guatemala. J Clin Microbiol 1990, 28(8):1780-1784.
34. Rezaei M, Sohrabi A, Edalat R, Siadat SD, Gomari H, Rezaei M, Gilani SM: Molecular epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis caused by subgenus F (40, 41) enteric adenoviruses in inpatient children. Laboratory Medicine 2012, 43(1):10-15.
35. Liu L, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Jia L, Dong H: Epidemiological aspects of rotavirus and adenovirus in hospitalized children with diarrhea: a 5-year survey in Beijing. BMC infectious diseases 2016, 16(1):508-515.
36. Yassin BAG, Ali SHM, Abu Al-ess HQM, Mohammed KIA, Al-Timimi MF, Al-Janabi MKW, Al-Wadi GIA, Mousa JM: A Trend of Seasonality of Enteric Adenoviral Gastroenteritis in Pediatric Patients Less than Five Years from Baghdad. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science 2018, 6(4):18-23.
37. De Jong J, Kapsenberg JG, Muzerie C, Wermenbol A, Kidd A, Wadell G, Firtzlaff RG, Wigand R: Candidate adenoviruses 40 and 41: fastidious adenoviruses from human infant stool. Journal of medical virology 1983, 11(3):215-231.
38. Kotloff KL, Losonsky GA, Morris JG, Wasserman SS, Singh-Naz N, Levine MM: Enteric adenovirus infection and childhood diarrhea: an epidemiologic study in three clinical settings. Pediatrics 1989, 84(2):219-225.
39. Akan H, İzbırak G, Gürol Y, Sarıkaya S, Gündüz TS, Yılmaz G, Hayran O, Vitrinel A: Rotavirus and adenovirus frequency among patients with acute gastroenteritis and their relationship to clinical parameters: a retrospective study in Turkey. Asia Pacific family medicine 2009, 8(1):8.
40. Oyinloye S, Misherima K: Detection of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in Diarrhoeic Stool of Children at a Primary Health Care Centre, Borno State.
41. Kamal Allayeh A, Mostafa El Baz R, Mohamed Saeed N, El Sayed Osman M: Detection and genotyping of viral gastroenteritis in hospitalized children below five years old in Cairo, Egypt. Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2018, 6(3).
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