Circulating non-coding RNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers in liver diseases miRNAs as biomarkers of liver diseases
Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench,
Vol. 14 No. Supplement 1 (2021),
30 December 2021
https://doi.org/10.22037/ghfbb.vi.2415
Abstract
The liver plays a principal role in the human body as a metabolic and detoxifying unit. Liver diseases are the world’s major health problems and affect millions of people worldwide. Early detection of liver diseases is certainly effective in timely treatment and prevention of their progression. Liver injury is associated with significant alterations in immune responses and pattern changes in various tissue-related gene expressions and cytokine production. Increasing or decreasing the specific spectrum of non-coding RNAs in different phases of liver disease can be a criterion for diagnosis. Novel diagnostic biomarkers are needed for liver diseases. Currently, micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are known to play important roles in the diagnosis of liver diseases. Circulating biomarkers such as miRNA-assisted diagnosis can conceivably be helpful for the early treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we look at miRNAs and their potential applications in liver diseases as diagnostic biomarkers were investigated.
Keywords:
- Non coding RNAs
- MicroRNAs
- Circulating biomarkers
- Liver diseases
- Viral Hepatitis
- Chronic disease
How to Cite
Mokhtari, F. ., Mohebbi, S. R., Sharifian, A. ., Ramandi, M., & Razzaghi, M. R. . (2021). Circulating non-coding RNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers in liver diseases : miRNAs as biomarkers of liver diseases. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench, 14(Supplement 1). https://doi.org/10.22037/ghfbb.vi.2415
References
1. Kukkula M, Arstila P, Klossner M-L, Maunula L, Bonsdorff C-HV, Jaatinen P. Waterborne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. 1997;29(4):415-8.
2. Jin C-N, Chen J-D, Sheng J-F. Vitamin D deficiency in hepatitis C virus infection: what is old? what is new? European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology. 2018;30(7):741-6.
3. Sharma B, John S. Hepatic Cirrhosis. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
4. Younossi ZM, Marchesini G, Pinto-Cortez H, Petta S. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: implications for liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2019;103(1):22-7.
5. Liver EAFTSOT. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology. 2018;69(1):182-236.
6. Anstee QM, Reeves HL, Kotsiliti E, Govaere O, Heikenwalder MJNrG, hepatology. From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges. 2019;16(7):411-28.
7. Sepanlou SG, Malekzadeh F, Delavari F, Naghavi M, Forouzanfar MH, Moradi-Lakeh M, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases in Middle East and North Africa: results of global burden of diseases study from 1990 to 2010. Middle East journal of digestive diseases. 2015;7(4):201.
8. Mohamad Amin P, Mohsen V, Ahmad Reza B. Burden of gastrointestinal cancer in Asia; an overview. 2015.
9. Fayadh MH. Hepatitis and Liver Diseases. 2016.
10. Pourhoseingholi MA, Fazeli Z, Ashtari S, Bavand-Pour FSFJG, bench hfbt. Mortality trends of gastrointestinal cancers in Iranian population. 2013;6(Suppl 1):S52.
11. Anushiravani A, Ghajarieh Sepanlou S. Burden of Liver Diseases: A Review from Iran. Middle East J Dig Dis. 2019;11(4):189-91. doi:10.15171/mejdd.2019.147. [PubMed:31824620].
12. Malekzadeh F, Sepanlou SG, Poustchi H, Naghavi M, Forouzanfar MH, Shahraz S, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases in Iran: estimates based on the global burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors study, 2010. Middle East journal of digestive diseases. 2015;7:138.
13. Shalmani HM, Noori A, Shokoohi M, Khajavi A, Darvishi M, Delavari A, et al. Burden of Hepatitis C in Iran Between 1990 and 2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM). 2015;18(8).
14. Hajarizadeh B, Razavi-Shearer D, Merat S, Alavian SM, Malekzadeh R, Razavi H. Liver disease burden of hepatitis C virus infection in Iran and the potential impact of various treatment strategies on the disease burden. Hepatitis monthly. 2016;16(7).
15. Ostovaneh MR, Zamani F, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Sharafkhah M, Saeedian FS, Rohani Z, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver: the association with metabolic abnormalities, body mass index and central obesity—a population-based study. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA; 2015.
16. Mousavi SRM, Geramizadeh B, Anushiravani A, Ejtehadi F, Anbardar MH, Moini M. Correlation between Serum Ferritin Level and Histopathological Disease Severity in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Middle East journal of digestive diseases. 2018;10(2):90.
17. Moghaddasifar I, Lankarani K, Moosazadeh M, Afshari M, Ghaemi A, Aliramezany M, et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its related factors in Iran. International journal of organ transplantation medicine. 2016;7(3):149.
18. Gilson R, Brook MG. Hepatitis A, B, and C. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):iv35-9. doi:10.1136/sti.2006.023218. [PubMed:17151052].
19. Liang TJ. Hepatitis B: the virus and disease. Hepatology. 2009;49(5 Suppl):S13-21. doi:10.1002/hep.22881. [PubMed:19399811].
20. Chew KW, Bhattacharya D. Virologic and immunologic aspects of HIV-hepatitis C virus coinfection. Aids. 2016;30(16):2395-404. doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001203. [PubMed:27427873].
21. Velavan TP, Pallerla SR, Johne R, Todt D, Steinmann E, Schemmerer M, et al. Hepatitis E: An update on One Health and clinical medicine. 2021;41(7):1462-73.
22. El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(6):1264-73. e1.
23. Alavian SM, Alavian SH. Hepatitis D virus infection; Iran, Middle East and Central Asia. Hepat Mon. 2005;5(4):137.
24. Shafiei M, Alavian SM. Autoimmune hepatitis in Iran: what we know, what we don’t know and requirements for better management. Hepatitis monthly. 2012;12(2):73.
25. Rust C, Beuers U. Overlap syndromes among autoimmune liver diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2008;14(21):3368.
26. Vergani D, Longhi MS, Bogdanos DP, Ma Y, Mieli-Vergani G, editors. Autoimmune hepatitis. Seminars in immunopathology; 2009. Springer.
27. Courvalin J-C, Worman HJ, editors. Nuclear envelope protein autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Seminars in liver disease; 1997. © 1997 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
28. Hov JR, Boberg KM, Karlsen TH. Autoantibodies in primary sclerosing cholangitis. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2008;14(24):3781.
29. Zhang W, Rho J-h, Roehrl MH, Wang JY. A comprehensive autoantigen-ome of autoimmune liver diseases identified from dermatan sulfate affinity enrichment of liver tissue proteins. BMC immunology. 2019;20(1):21.
30. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Afendy M, Fang Y, Younossi Y, Mir H, et al. Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2011;9(6):524-30. e1.
31. Charlton MR, Burns JM, Pedersen RA, Watt KD, Heimbach JK, Dierkhising RA. Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(4):1249-53.
32. Moon AM, Singal AG, Tapper EB. Contemporary epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019.
33. Leite NC, Villela-Nogueira CA, Cardoso CR, Salles GF. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes: from physiopathological interplay to diagnosis and treatment. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2014;20(26):8377.
34. Bugianesi E, Moscatiello S, Ciaravella M, Marchesini G. Insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Current pharmaceutical design. 2010;16(17):1941-51.
35. Lazo M, Hernaez R, Eberhardt MS, Bonekamp S, Kamel I, Guallar E, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. American journal of epidemiology. 2013;178(1):38-45.
36. Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Mathiesen UL, Thorelius L, Holmqvist M, Bodemar G, et al. Long‐term follow‐up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44(4):865-73.
37. Sung K-C, Wild SH, Byrne CD. Resolution of fatty liver and risk of incident diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(9):3637-43.
38. PARISE ER. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), more than a liver disease. Arquivos de gastroenterologia. 2019;56(3):243-5.
39. Wu S, Wu F, Ding Y, Hou J, Bi J, Zhang Z. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports. 2016;6:33386.
40. Targher G, Byrne CD, Lonardo A, Zoppini G, Barbui C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of hepatology. 2016;65(3):589-600.
41. Andy SY, Keeffe EB. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterol disord. 2002;2(1):B11-9.
42. Krentz AJ, Bedossa P. Role of Tissue Biopsy in Drug Development for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Metabolic Disorders. Translational Research Methods in Diabetes, Obesity, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Springer; 2019. p. 245-74.
43. Rinella ME. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Jama. 2015;313(22):2263-73.
44. Hassan K, Bhalla V, El Regal ME, A-Kader HH. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comprehensive review of a growing epidemic. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2014;20(34):12082.
45. Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Hammar U, Stål P, Hultcrantz R, et al. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. Journal of hepatology. 2017;67(6):1265-73.
46. Cortez-Pinto H, Camilo ME. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH): diagnosis and clinical course. Best practice & research Clinical gastroenterology. 2004;18(6):1089-104.
47. Zhou WC, Zhang QB, Qiao L. Pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(23):7312-24. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7312. [PubMed:24966602].
48. Khatun M, Ray RB. Mechanisms Underlying Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Hepatic Fibrosis. Cells. 2019;8(10). doi:10.3390/cells8101249. [PubMed:31615075].
49. Elsharkawy A, Oakley F, Mann D. The role and regulation of hepatic stellate cell apoptosis in reversal of liver fibrosis. Apoptosis. 2005;10(5):927-39.
50. Kolios G, Valatas V, Kouroumalis E. Role of Kupffer cells in the pathogenesis of liver disease. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2006;12(46):7413.
51. Hara M, Kono H, Furuya S, Hirayama K, Tsuchiya M, Fujii H. Interleukin-17A plays a pivotal role in cholestatic liver fibrosis in mice. journal of surgical research. 2013;183(2):574-82.
52. CHOU Wy, LU Cn, LEE Th, WU Cl, HUNG Ks, Concejero AM, et al. Electroporative interleukin‐10 gene transfer ameliorates carbon tetrachloride‐induced murine liver fibrosis by MMP and TIMP modulation 1. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2006;27(4):469-76.
53. Zeng QL, Feng GH, Zhang JY, Chen Y, Yang B, Huang HH, et al. Risk factors for liver-related mortality in chronic hepatitis C patients: a deceased case-living control study. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5519-26. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5519. [PubMed:24833882].
54. Wiegand J, Berg T. The etiology, diagnosis and prevention of liver cirrhosis: part 1 of a series on liver cirrhosis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(6):85-91. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0085. [PubMed:23451000].
55. Gomes MA, Priolli DG, Tralhão JG, Botelho MF. Carcinoma hepatocelular: epidemiologia, biologia, diagnóstico e terapias. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2013;59(5):514-24.
56. El–Serag HB, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(7):2557-76.
57. Sanyal AJ, Yoon SK, Lencioni R. The etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and consequences for treatment. Oncologist. 2010;15.
58. Udompap P, Kim D, Kim WR. Current and future burden of chronic nonmalignant liver disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;13(12):2031-41.
59. Xu Y, Xiao A, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhang G. Assessment of lipiodol deposition and residual cancer for hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization via iodine-based material decomposition images with spectral computed tomography imaging: a preliminary study. Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2015;12(4).
60. Jalli R, Jafari SH, Sefidbakht S, Kazemi K. Comparison of the accuracy of DWI and ultrasonography in screening hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease. Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2015;12(1).
61. Hemmati H, Karimian M, Moradi H, Marandi KF, Haghdoost A. Endovascular treatment of a huge hepatic artery aneurysm by coil embolization method: a case report. Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2015;12(3).
62. Alavian SM, Haghbin H. Relative importance of hepatitis B and C viruses in hepatocellular carcinoma in EMRO countries and the Middle East: a systematic review. Hepatitis monthly. 2016;16(3).
63. Rezaee R, Aghcheli B, Poortahmasebi V, Qorbani M, Alavian SM, Jazayeri SM. Prevalence of national responsiveness to HBV vaccine after 22 years of Iranian expanded program on immunization (EPI): a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Hepatitis monthly. 2015;15(5).
64. Alavian SM. Hepatocellular Carcinoma is an Emerging Issue Now in Iran. Kowsar; 2018.
65. La Fauci V, Riso R, Facciolà A, Ceccio C, Giudice DL, Calimeri S, et al. Response to anti-HBV vaccine and 10-year follow-up of antibody levels in healthcare workers. Public Health. 2016;139:198-202.
66. El-Serag HB, Mason AC. Risk factors for the rising rates of primary liver cancer in the United States. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000;160(21):3227-30.
67. Montella M, Crispo A, Giudice A. HCC, diet and metabolic factors: Diet and HCC. Hepatitis monthly. 2011;11(3):159.
68. Schuppan D, Afdhal NH. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9615):838-51. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60383-9. [PubMed:18328931].
69. Petrick A, Benotti P, Wood GC, Still CD, Strodel WE, Gabrielsen J, et al. Utility of Ultrasound, Transaminases, and Visual Inspection to Assess Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Bariatric Surgery Patients. Obes Surg. 2015;25(12):2368-75. doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1707-6. [PubMed:26003548].
70. Sumida Y, Nakajima A, Itoh Y. Limitations of liver biopsy and non-invasive diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(2):475-85. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i2.475. [PubMed:24574716].
71. Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V. Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. Cmaj. 2005;172(3):367-79. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1040752. [PubMed:15684121].
72. Hann HW, Wan S, Myers RE, Hann RS, Xing J, Chen B, et al. Comprehensive analysis of common serum liver enzymes as prospective predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBV patients. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47687. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047687. [PubMed:23112834].
73. Hall P, Cash J. What is the real function of the liver 'function' tests? Ulster Med J. 2012;81(1):30-6. [PubMed:23536736].
74. Lee JS. Albumin for end-stage liver disease. Korean J Intern Med. 2012;27(1):13-9. doi:10.3904/kjim.2012.27.1.13. [PubMed:22403494].
75. Contreras-Zentella ML, Hernández-Muñoz R. Is Liver Enzyme Release Really Associated with Cell Necrosis Induced by Oxidant Stress? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:3529149. doi:10.1155/2016/3529149. [PubMed:26798419].
76. Ling H, Fabbri M, Calin GA. MicroRNAs and other non-coding RNAs as targets for anticancer drug development. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2013;12(11):847.
77. Ruan K, Fang X, Ouyang G. MicroRNAs: novel regulators in the hallmarks of human cancer. Cancer letters. 2009;285(2):116-26.
78. Lamontagne J, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus and microRNAs: Complex interactions affecting hepatitis B virus replication and hepatitis B virus-associated diseases. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2015;21(24):7375.
79. Jackson RJ, Standart N. How do microRNAs regulate gene expression? Sci Stke. 2007;2007(367):re1-re.
80. Cui Q, Yu Z, Pan Y, Purisima EO, Wang E. MicroRNAs preferentially target the genes with high transcriptional regulation complexity. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2007;352(3):733-8.
81. Ajit SK. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and signaling molecules. Sensors. 2012;12(3):3359-69.
82. Fadhil RS, Nair RG, Nikolarakos D, Wei MQ. Next generation sequencing identifies novel diagnostic biomarkers for head and neck cancers. Oral Cancer. 2019;3(3-4):69-78.
83. Moxon S, Jing R, Szittya G, Schwach F, Pilcher RLR, Moulton V, et al. Deep sequencing of tomato short RNAs identifies microRNAs targeting genes involved in fruit ripening. Genome research. 2008;18(10):1602-9.
84. Musaddaq G, Shahzad N, Ashraf MA, Arshad MI. Circulating liver-specific microRNAs as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers of hepatic diseases in human. Biomarkers. 2019;24(2):103-9.
85. Cheng G. Circulating miRNAs: roles in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2015;81:75-93.
86. Singh R, Ramasubramanian B, Kanji S, Chakraborty AR, Haque SJ, Chakravarti A. Circulating microRNAs in cancer: Hope or hype? Cancer letters. 2016;381(1):113-21.
87. Wang B, Howel P, Bruheim S, Ju J, Owen LB, Fodstad O, et al. Systematic evaluation of three microRNA profiling platforms: microarray, beads array, and quantitative real-time PCR array. PloS one. 2011;6(2).
88. Jiang Q, Wang Y, Hao Y, Juan L, Teng M, Zhang X, et al. miR2Disease: a manually curated database for microRNA deregulation in human disease. Nucleic acids research. 2009;37(suppl_1):D98-D104.
89. Sikand K, Slane SD, Shukla GC. Intrinsic expression of host genes and intronic miRNAs in prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer cell international. 2009;9(1):21.
90. Shalaby T, Fiaschetti G, Baumgartner M, Grotzer MA. MicroRNA signatures as biomarkers and therapeutic target for CNS embryonal tumors: the pros and the cons. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(11):21554-86. doi:10.3390/ijms151121554. [PubMed:25421247].
91. Zhang H, Li QY, Guo ZZ, Guan Y, Du J, Lu YY, et al. Serum levels of microRNAs can specifically predict liver injury of chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(37):5188-96. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i37.5188. [PubMed:23066312].
92. Gui J, Tian Y, Wen X, Zhang W, Zhang P, Gao J, et al. Serum microRNA characterization identifies miR-885-5p as a potential marker for detecting liver pathologies. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011;120(5):183-93. doi:10.1042/cs20100297. [PubMed:20815808].
93. Liu N, Zhang J, Jiao T, Li Z, Peng J, Cuizhu Q, et al. Hepatitis B Virus Inhibits Apoptosis of Hepatoma Cells by Sponging the MicroRNA 15a/16 Cluster. Journal of virology. 2013;87. doi:10.1128/JVI.02130-13.
94. Mizuno R, Kawada K, Sakai Y. The molecular basis and therapeutic potential of Let-7 MicroRNAs against colorectal cancer. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2018;2018.
95. Sarkar N, Chakravarty R. Hepatitis B virus infection, microRNAs and liver disease. International journal of molecular sciences. 2015;16(8):17746-62.
96. Tiraki D. MicroRNAs and Their Role in Viral Infection. Dynamics of Immune Activation in Viral Diseases: Springer; 2020. p. 167-86.
97. Zhang S, Ouyang X, Jiang X, Gu D, Lin Y, Kong S, et al. Dysregulated serum microRNA expression profile and potential biomarkers in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. International journal of medical sciences. 2015;12(7):590.
98. Rottiers V, Näär AM. MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2012;13(4):239-50.
99. Cermelli S, Ruggieri A, Marrero JA, Ioannou GN, Beretta L. Circulating microRNAs in patients with chronic hepatitis C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PloS one. 2011;6(8).
100. Becker PP, Rau M, Schmitt J, Malsch C, Hammer C, Bantel H, et al. Performance of serum microRNAs-122,-192 and-21 as biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. PloS one. 2015;10(11).
101. Pirola CJ, Gianotti TF, Castaño GO, Mallardi P, San Martino J, Ledesma MMGL, et al. Circulating microRNA signature in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: from serum non-coding RNAs to liver histology and disease pathogenesis. Gut. 2015;64(5):800-12.
102. Yamada H, Suzuki K, Ichino N, Ando Y, Sawada A, Osakabe K, et al. Associations between circulating microRNAs (miR-21, miR-34a, miR-122 and miR-451) and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Clinica chimica acta. 2013;424:99-103.
103. He Y, Huang C, Lin X, Li J. MicroRNA-29 family, a crucial therapeutic target for fibrosis diseases. Biochimie. 2013;95(7):1355-9.
104. López-Riera M, Conde I, Quintas G, Pedrola L, Zaragoza Á, Perez-Rojas J, et al. Non-invasive prediction of NAFLD severity: a comprehensive, independent validation of previously postulated serum microRNA biomarkers. Scientific reports. 2018;8(1):1-15.
105. Kutay H, Bai S, Datta J, Motiwala T, Pogribny I, Frankel W, et al. Downregulation of miR‐122 in the rodent and human hepatocellular carcinomas. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2006;99(3):671-8.
106. Amr KS, Atia HAE, Elbnhawy RAE, Ezzat WM. Early diagnostic evaluation of miR-122 and miR-224 as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes & diseases. 2017;4(4):215-21.
107. Varnholt H. The role of microRNAs in primary liver cancer. Annals of hepatology. 2008;7(2):104-13.
108. Leung WK, Wong N. MicroRNAs in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecular Aspects of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 2012:56.
109. Song J, Ouyang Y, Che J, Li X, Zhao Y, Yang K, et al. Potential value of miR-221/222 as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for diseases. Frontiers in immunology. 2017;8:56.
110. Zhou X, Fang S, Wang M, Xiong A, Zheng C, Wang J, et al. Diagnostic value of circulating miRNA-122 for hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus-associated chronic viral hepatitis. Bioscience reports. 2019;39(9).
111. Xu P, Guo A, Xu J, Yao J, Chen H, Wang F, et al. Evaluation of a combinational use of serum microRNAs as biomarkers for liver diseases. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology. 2017;41(3):254-61.
2. Jin C-N, Chen J-D, Sheng J-F. Vitamin D deficiency in hepatitis C virus infection: what is old? what is new? European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology. 2018;30(7):741-6.
3. Sharma B, John S. Hepatic Cirrhosis. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
4. Younossi ZM, Marchesini G, Pinto-Cortez H, Petta S. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: implications for liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2019;103(1):22-7.
5. Liver EAFTSOT. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology. 2018;69(1):182-236.
6. Anstee QM, Reeves HL, Kotsiliti E, Govaere O, Heikenwalder MJNrG, hepatology. From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges. 2019;16(7):411-28.
7. Sepanlou SG, Malekzadeh F, Delavari F, Naghavi M, Forouzanfar MH, Moradi-Lakeh M, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases in Middle East and North Africa: results of global burden of diseases study from 1990 to 2010. Middle East journal of digestive diseases. 2015;7(4):201.
8. Mohamad Amin P, Mohsen V, Ahmad Reza B. Burden of gastrointestinal cancer in Asia; an overview. 2015.
9. Fayadh MH. Hepatitis and Liver Diseases. 2016.
10. Pourhoseingholi MA, Fazeli Z, Ashtari S, Bavand-Pour FSFJG, bench hfbt. Mortality trends of gastrointestinal cancers in Iranian population. 2013;6(Suppl 1):S52.
11. Anushiravani A, Ghajarieh Sepanlou S. Burden of Liver Diseases: A Review from Iran. Middle East J Dig Dis. 2019;11(4):189-91. doi:10.15171/mejdd.2019.147. [PubMed:31824620].
12. Malekzadeh F, Sepanlou SG, Poustchi H, Naghavi M, Forouzanfar MH, Shahraz S, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases in Iran: estimates based on the global burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors study, 2010. Middle East journal of digestive diseases. 2015;7:138.
13. Shalmani HM, Noori A, Shokoohi M, Khajavi A, Darvishi M, Delavari A, et al. Burden of Hepatitis C in Iran Between 1990 and 2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM). 2015;18(8).
14. Hajarizadeh B, Razavi-Shearer D, Merat S, Alavian SM, Malekzadeh R, Razavi H. Liver disease burden of hepatitis C virus infection in Iran and the potential impact of various treatment strategies on the disease burden. Hepatitis monthly. 2016;16(7).
15. Ostovaneh MR, Zamani F, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Sharafkhah M, Saeedian FS, Rohani Z, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver: the association with metabolic abnormalities, body mass index and central obesity—a population-based study. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA; 2015.
16. Mousavi SRM, Geramizadeh B, Anushiravani A, Ejtehadi F, Anbardar MH, Moini M. Correlation between Serum Ferritin Level and Histopathological Disease Severity in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Middle East journal of digestive diseases. 2018;10(2):90.
17. Moghaddasifar I, Lankarani K, Moosazadeh M, Afshari M, Ghaemi A, Aliramezany M, et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its related factors in Iran. International journal of organ transplantation medicine. 2016;7(3):149.
18. Gilson R, Brook MG. Hepatitis A, B, and C. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):iv35-9. doi:10.1136/sti.2006.023218. [PubMed:17151052].
19. Liang TJ. Hepatitis B: the virus and disease. Hepatology. 2009;49(5 Suppl):S13-21. doi:10.1002/hep.22881. [PubMed:19399811].
20. Chew KW, Bhattacharya D. Virologic and immunologic aspects of HIV-hepatitis C virus coinfection. Aids. 2016;30(16):2395-404. doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001203. [PubMed:27427873].
21. Velavan TP, Pallerla SR, Johne R, Todt D, Steinmann E, Schemmerer M, et al. Hepatitis E: An update on One Health and clinical medicine. 2021;41(7):1462-73.
22. El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(6):1264-73. e1.
23. Alavian SM, Alavian SH. Hepatitis D virus infection; Iran, Middle East and Central Asia. Hepat Mon. 2005;5(4):137.
24. Shafiei M, Alavian SM. Autoimmune hepatitis in Iran: what we know, what we don’t know and requirements for better management. Hepatitis monthly. 2012;12(2):73.
25. Rust C, Beuers U. Overlap syndromes among autoimmune liver diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2008;14(21):3368.
26. Vergani D, Longhi MS, Bogdanos DP, Ma Y, Mieli-Vergani G, editors. Autoimmune hepatitis. Seminars in immunopathology; 2009. Springer.
27. Courvalin J-C, Worman HJ, editors. Nuclear envelope protein autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Seminars in liver disease; 1997. © 1997 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
28. Hov JR, Boberg KM, Karlsen TH. Autoantibodies in primary sclerosing cholangitis. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2008;14(24):3781.
29. Zhang W, Rho J-h, Roehrl MH, Wang JY. A comprehensive autoantigen-ome of autoimmune liver diseases identified from dermatan sulfate affinity enrichment of liver tissue proteins. BMC immunology. 2019;20(1):21.
30. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Afendy M, Fang Y, Younossi Y, Mir H, et al. Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2011;9(6):524-30. e1.
31. Charlton MR, Burns JM, Pedersen RA, Watt KD, Heimbach JK, Dierkhising RA. Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(4):1249-53.
32. Moon AM, Singal AG, Tapper EB. Contemporary epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019.
33. Leite NC, Villela-Nogueira CA, Cardoso CR, Salles GF. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes: from physiopathological interplay to diagnosis and treatment. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2014;20(26):8377.
34. Bugianesi E, Moscatiello S, Ciaravella M, Marchesini G. Insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Current pharmaceutical design. 2010;16(17):1941-51.
35. Lazo M, Hernaez R, Eberhardt MS, Bonekamp S, Kamel I, Guallar E, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. American journal of epidemiology. 2013;178(1):38-45.
36. Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Mathiesen UL, Thorelius L, Holmqvist M, Bodemar G, et al. Long‐term follow‐up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44(4):865-73.
37. Sung K-C, Wild SH, Byrne CD. Resolution of fatty liver and risk of incident diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(9):3637-43.
38. PARISE ER. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), more than a liver disease. Arquivos de gastroenterologia. 2019;56(3):243-5.
39. Wu S, Wu F, Ding Y, Hou J, Bi J, Zhang Z. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports. 2016;6:33386.
40. Targher G, Byrne CD, Lonardo A, Zoppini G, Barbui C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of hepatology. 2016;65(3):589-600.
41. Andy SY, Keeffe EB. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterol disord. 2002;2(1):B11-9.
42. Krentz AJ, Bedossa P. Role of Tissue Biopsy in Drug Development for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Metabolic Disorders. Translational Research Methods in Diabetes, Obesity, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Springer; 2019. p. 245-74.
43. Rinella ME. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Jama. 2015;313(22):2263-73.
44. Hassan K, Bhalla V, El Regal ME, A-Kader HH. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comprehensive review of a growing epidemic. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2014;20(34):12082.
45. Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Hammar U, Stål P, Hultcrantz R, et al. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. Journal of hepatology. 2017;67(6):1265-73.
46. Cortez-Pinto H, Camilo ME. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH): diagnosis and clinical course. Best practice & research Clinical gastroenterology. 2004;18(6):1089-104.
47. Zhou WC, Zhang QB, Qiao L. Pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(23):7312-24. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7312. [PubMed:24966602].
48. Khatun M, Ray RB. Mechanisms Underlying Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Hepatic Fibrosis. Cells. 2019;8(10). doi:10.3390/cells8101249. [PubMed:31615075].
49. Elsharkawy A, Oakley F, Mann D. The role and regulation of hepatic stellate cell apoptosis in reversal of liver fibrosis. Apoptosis. 2005;10(5):927-39.
50. Kolios G, Valatas V, Kouroumalis E. Role of Kupffer cells in the pathogenesis of liver disease. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2006;12(46):7413.
51. Hara M, Kono H, Furuya S, Hirayama K, Tsuchiya M, Fujii H. Interleukin-17A plays a pivotal role in cholestatic liver fibrosis in mice. journal of surgical research. 2013;183(2):574-82.
52. CHOU Wy, LU Cn, LEE Th, WU Cl, HUNG Ks, Concejero AM, et al. Electroporative interleukin‐10 gene transfer ameliorates carbon tetrachloride‐induced murine liver fibrosis by MMP and TIMP modulation 1. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2006;27(4):469-76.
53. Zeng QL, Feng GH, Zhang JY, Chen Y, Yang B, Huang HH, et al. Risk factors for liver-related mortality in chronic hepatitis C patients: a deceased case-living control study. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5519-26. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5519. [PubMed:24833882].
54. Wiegand J, Berg T. The etiology, diagnosis and prevention of liver cirrhosis: part 1 of a series on liver cirrhosis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(6):85-91. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0085. [PubMed:23451000].
55. Gomes MA, Priolli DG, Tralhão JG, Botelho MF. Carcinoma hepatocelular: epidemiologia, biologia, diagnóstico e terapias. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2013;59(5):514-24.
56. El–Serag HB, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(7):2557-76.
57. Sanyal AJ, Yoon SK, Lencioni R. The etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and consequences for treatment. Oncologist. 2010;15.
58. Udompap P, Kim D, Kim WR. Current and future burden of chronic nonmalignant liver disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;13(12):2031-41.
59. Xu Y, Xiao A, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhang G. Assessment of lipiodol deposition and residual cancer for hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization via iodine-based material decomposition images with spectral computed tomography imaging: a preliminary study. Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2015;12(4).
60. Jalli R, Jafari SH, Sefidbakht S, Kazemi K. Comparison of the accuracy of DWI and ultrasonography in screening hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease. Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2015;12(1).
61. Hemmati H, Karimian M, Moradi H, Marandi KF, Haghdoost A. Endovascular treatment of a huge hepatic artery aneurysm by coil embolization method: a case report. Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2015;12(3).
62. Alavian SM, Haghbin H. Relative importance of hepatitis B and C viruses in hepatocellular carcinoma in EMRO countries and the Middle East: a systematic review. Hepatitis monthly. 2016;16(3).
63. Rezaee R, Aghcheli B, Poortahmasebi V, Qorbani M, Alavian SM, Jazayeri SM. Prevalence of national responsiveness to HBV vaccine after 22 years of Iranian expanded program on immunization (EPI): a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Hepatitis monthly. 2015;15(5).
64. Alavian SM. Hepatocellular Carcinoma is an Emerging Issue Now in Iran. Kowsar; 2018.
65. La Fauci V, Riso R, Facciolà A, Ceccio C, Giudice DL, Calimeri S, et al. Response to anti-HBV vaccine and 10-year follow-up of antibody levels in healthcare workers. Public Health. 2016;139:198-202.
66. El-Serag HB, Mason AC. Risk factors for the rising rates of primary liver cancer in the United States. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000;160(21):3227-30.
67. Montella M, Crispo A, Giudice A. HCC, diet and metabolic factors: Diet and HCC. Hepatitis monthly. 2011;11(3):159.
68. Schuppan D, Afdhal NH. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9615):838-51. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60383-9. [PubMed:18328931].
69. Petrick A, Benotti P, Wood GC, Still CD, Strodel WE, Gabrielsen J, et al. Utility of Ultrasound, Transaminases, and Visual Inspection to Assess Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Bariatric Surgery Patients. Obes Surg. 2015;25(12):2368-75. doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1707-6. [PubMed:26003548].
70. Sumida Y, Nakajima A, Itoh Y. Limitations of liver biopsy and non-invasive diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(2):475-85. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i2.475. [PubMed:24574716].
71. Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V. Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. Cmaj. 2005;172(3):367-79. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1040752. [PubMed:15684121].
72. Hann HW, Wan S, Myers RE, Hann RS, Xing J, Chen B, et al. Comprehensive analysis of common serum liver enzymes as prospective predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBV patients. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47687. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047687. [PubMed:23112834].
73. Hall P, Cash J. What is the real function of the liver 'function' tests? Ulster Med J. 2012;81(1):30-6. [PubMed:23536736].
74. Lee JS. Albumin for end-stage liver disease. Korean J Intern Med. 2012;27(1):13-9. doi:10.3904/kjim.2012.27.1.13. [PubMed:22403494].
75. Contreras-Zentella ML, Hernández-Muñoz R. Is Liver Enzyme Release Really Associated with Cell Necrosis Induced by Oxidant Stress? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:3529149. doi:10.1155/2016/3529149. [PubMed:26798419].
76. Ling H, Fabbri M, Calin GA. MicroRNAs and other non-coding RNAs as targets for anticancer drug development. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2013;12(11):847.
77. Ruan K, Fang X, Ouyang G. MicroRNAs: novel regulators in the hallmarks of human cancer. Cancer letters. 2009;285(2):116-26.
78. Lamontagne J, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus and microRNAs: Complex interactions affecting hepatitis B virus replication and hepatitis B virus-associated diseases. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2015;21(24):7375.
79. Jackson RJ, Standart N. How do microRNAs regulate gene expression? Sci Stke. 2007;2007(367):re1-re.
80. Cui Q, Yu Z, Pan Y, Purisima EO, Wang E. MicroRNAs preferentially target the genes with high transcriptional regulation complexity. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2007;352(3):733-8.
81. Ajit SK. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and signaling molecules. Sensors. 2012;12(3):3359-69.
82. Fadhil RS, Nair RG, Nikolarakos D, Wei MQ. Next generation sequencing identifies novel diagnostic biomarkers for head and neck cancers. Oral Cancer. 2019;3(3-4):69-78.
83. Moxon S, Jing R, Szittya G, Schwach F, Pilcher RLR, Moulton V, et al. Deep sequencing of tomato short RNAs identifies microRNAs targeting genes involved in fruit ripening. Genome research. 2008;18(10):1602-9.
84. Musaddaq G, Shahzad N, Ashraf MA, Arshad MI. Circulating liver-specific microRNAs as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers of hepatic diseases in human. Biomarkers. 2019;24(2):103-9.
85. Cheng G. Circulating miRNAs: roles in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2015;81:75-93.
86. Singh R, Ramasubramanian B, Kanji S, Chakraborty AR, Haque SJ, Chakravarti A. Circulating microRNAs in cancer: Hope or hype? Cancer letters. 2016;381(1):113-21.
87. Wang B, Howel P, Bruheim S, Ju J, Owen LB, Fodstad O, et al. Systematic evaluation of three microRNA profiling platforms: microarray, beads array, and quantitative real-time PCR array. PloS one. 2011;6(2).
88. Jiang Q, Wang Y, Hao Y, Juan L, Teng M, Zhang X, et al. miR2Disease: a manually curated database for microRNA deregulation in human disease. Nucleic acids research. 2009;37(suppl_1):D98-D104.
89. Sikand K, Slane SD, Shukla GC. Intrinsic expression of host genes and intronic miRNAs in prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer cell international. 2009;9(1):21.
90. Shalaby T, Fiaschetti G, Baumgartner M, Grotzer MA. MicroRNA signatures as biomarkers and therapeutic target for CNS embryonal tumors: the pros and the cons. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(11):21554-86. doi:10.3390/ijms151121554. [PubMed:25421247].
91. Zhang H, Li QY, Guo ZZ, Guan Y, Du J, Lu YY, et al. Serum levels of microRNAs can specifically predict liver injury of chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(37):5188-96. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i37.5188. [PubMed:23066312].
92. Gui J, Tian Y, Wen X, Zhang W, Zhang P, Gao J, et al. Serum microRNA characterization identifies miR-885-5p as a potential marker for detecting liver pathologies. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011;120(5):183-93. doi:10.1042/cs20100297. [PubMed:20815808].
93. Liu N, Zhang J, Jiao T, Li Z, Peng J, Cuizhu Q, et al. Hepatitis B Virus Inhibits Apoptosis of Hepatoma Cells by Sponging the MicroRNA 15a/16 Cluster. Journal of virology. 2013;87. doi:10.1128/JVI.02130-13.
94. Mizuno R, Kawada K, Sakai Y. The molecular basis and therapeutic potential of Let-7 MicroRNAs against colorectal cancer. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2018;2018.
95. Sarkar N, Chakravarty R. Hepatitis B virus infection, microRNAs and liver disease. International journal of molecular sciences. 2015;16(8):17746-62.
96. Tiraki D. MicroRNAs and Their Role in Viral Infection. Dynamics of Immune Activation in Viral Diseases: Springer; 2020. p. 167-86.
97. Zhang S, Ouyang X, Jiang X, Gu D, Lin Y, Kong S, et al. Dysregulated serum microRNA expression profile and potential biomarkers in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. International journal of medical sciences. 2015;12(7):590.
98. Rottiers V, Näär AM. MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2012;13(4):239-50.
99. Cermelli S, Ruggieri A, Marrero JA, Ioannou GN, Beretta L. Circulating microRNAs in patients with chronic hepatitis C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PloS one. 2011;6(8).
100. Becker PP, Rau M, Schmitt J, Malsch C, Hammer C, Bantel H, et al. Performance of serum microRNAs-122,-192 and-21 as biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. PloS one. 2015;10(11).
101. Pirola CJ, Gianotti TF, Castaño GO, Mallardi P, San Martino J, Ledesma MMGL, et al. Circulating microRNA signature in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: from serum non-coding RNAs to liver histology and disease pathogenesis. Gut. 2015;64(5):800-12.
102. Yamada H, Suzuki K, Ichino N, Ando Y, Sawada A, Osakabe K, et al. Associations between circulating microRNAs (miR-21, miR-34a, miR-122 and miR-451) and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Clinica chimica acta. 2013;424:99-103.
103. He Y, Huang C, Lin X, Li J. MicroRNA-29 family, a crucial therapeutic target for fibrosis diseases. Biochimie. 2013;95(7):1355-9.
104. López-Riera M, Conde I, Quintas G, Pedrola L, Zaragoza Á, Perez-Rojas J, et al. Non-invasive prediction of NAFLD severity: a comprehensive, independent validation of previously postulated serum microRNA biomarkers. Scientific reports. 2018;8(1):1-15.
105. Kutay H, Bai S, Datta J, Motiwala T, Pogribny I, Frankel W, et al. Downregulation of miR‐122 in the rodent and human hepatocellular carcinomas. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2006;99(3):671-8.
106. Amr KS, Atia HAE, Elbnhawy RAE, Ezzat WM. Early diagnostic evaluation of miR-122 and miR-224 as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes & diseases. 2017;4(4):215-21.
107. Varnholt H. The role of microRNAs in primary liver cancer. Annals of hepatology. 2008;7(2):104-13.
108. Leung WK, Wong N. MicroRNAs in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecular Aspects of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 2012:56.
109. Song J, Ouyang Y, Che J, Li X, Zhao Y, Yang K, et al. Potential value of miR-221/222 as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for diseases. Frontiers in immunology. 2017;8:56.
110. Zhou X, Fang S, Wang M, Xiong A, Zheng C, Wang J, et al. Diagnostic value of circulating miRNA-122 for hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus-associated chronic viral hepatitis. Bioscience reports. 2019;39(9).
111. Xu P, Guo A, Xu J, Yao J, Chen H, Wang F, et al. Evaluation of a combinational use of serum microRNAs as biomarkers for liver diseases. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology. 2017;41(3):254-61.
- Abstract Viewed: 83 times
- PDF Downloaded: 52 times