Advances in Nursing & Midwifery

Dear Editor,
Childbirth can cause serious psychological damage to women. A major complication with a prevalence of 6%-58% in women, postpartum depression (PPD), may emerge 1-18 weeks after delivery [1, 2]. The risk factors of PPD include giving birth in autumn and winter [3], insufficient provision of social and other types of support, financial instability[4], having a history of depression in oneself or one’s relatives, unwanted pregnancy, poor economic status, a high number of children [1], vitamin D deficiency [5] and vitamin c deficiency [6]. A systematic review of 22 studies showed protective effects from healthy dietary patterns, multivitamin supplementation, fish and PUFA intake, calcium, Vitamin D, zinc, and possibly selenium [7].
Honjo et al. found that “who a pregnant woman lives with” affects the risk of PPD in the first month postpartum, and high levels of perceived spouse's involvement in childcare reduced harmful effects/increased protective effect of family members on PPD incidence. These findings suggested that interventions to increase perceived partner's support for childcare may be effective in preventing PPD, regardless of the living situation [8].
A cross-sectional study was conducted from mid-January to late March 2020 by recruiting 262 postpartum women with convenience sampling from clinics affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and some private clinics in Tehran, Iran. The results show reductions in the prevalence of PPD compared to before the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure postpartum depression in this study, validated by Montazeri et al. [9]. The investigation started before the COVID 19 pandemic and continued after the pandemic. A significant difference in the postpartum period (P-value < 0.02) was found between EPDS before (10.26 ± 5.79) and after the COVID-19 pandemic (8.70 ± 5.67). PPD decreased from 32% before the COVID-19 pandemic to 26% during the pandemic.
The importance of preventing PPD and identifying its relevant factors encouraged the authors to investigate the possible factors affecting the reductions observed in the prevalence of PPD during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a potential determinant of this reduction, the spouse's more extended stay with his wife during the COVID-19 quarantine highlights his supportive role. Furthermore, the lower frequency of commute and newborn visits and fewer parties held to reduce the mother’s fatigue and provide her with more time to spend taking care of her infant. Meanwhile, encouraging the use of vitamin D3 and other supplements, especially vitamin C, by social media to prevent COVID-19 might have increased these substances' use and thereby contributed to preventing PPD. These factors, individually or in combination, could have reduced the prevalence of PPD during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of EDs in the general population appears to be on the rise. Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterised by frequent consumption of unusually large amounts of food. Child binge eating is an important aspect of children, now getting researchers and treatment professionals’ attention.

Objective: The study was aimed at assessing the child bearing women’s knowledge and attitude toward health implications of child binge eating in a Nigerian rural community.

Methods: The research was descriptive study that employed cross sectional design. Cluster method was used as a sampling procedure, and Census sampling was employed in selecting the entire child bearing women in the four selected clusters. The ethical approval for the research was obtained from Kebbi State Health Research Ethical Committee. The instrument for data collection was researcher constructed, structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data were presented in frequency and percentages. Fisher’s exact test statistical analysis was used for inferential analysis at 99% Confidence Interval.

Results: majority of the respondents were knowledgeable on health implication of child binge eating in most of the questions. The questions in which majority demonstrated lack of knowledge were questions 1, 2 and 4 (67.6%, 66.9%, and 50.8%) respectively. Majority of the respondents were having negative attitude toward health implication of child binge eating. There is no statistical significant association between all the respondents’ demographic variables with the respondents’ attitude toward health implication of child binge eating; P > 0.01 respectively.

Conclusions: Child binge eating as one of the factors that contribute to the development of chronic, psychological, sociological and mental diseases need to be given more attention,, and awareness about it be given to the public. Healthcare workers should provide an avenue by which the attitude of child bearing women toward child binge eating will be change to positive.

Key words: Attitude, Child bearing women, Child binge eating, Implications, Knowledge

Abstract Introduction: The division of child-care tasks is a critical element of the family system that has already received considerable attention from researchers and practitioners. The psychological and relational dynamics involved in coping together and sharing in their roles as parents with young children are at the forefront of this study. The purpose of this research was to determine the predictors of child-care task division and shared parenting attitudes in families with youthful children. Methods: This study was utilized in a cross-sectional design. The study population has consisted of couples with at least one child three years or younger. The couples were selected by a random sampling method. Data were collected using the Child Care Tasks and Shared Parenting Attitudes in Families Scale and an additional form for demographic characteristics of participants. The CCTS was designed to measure what percentages of times specific child-care tasks are completed by the mother alone, the father alone, and parents together. Respondents were asked to estimate the percentages for each task jointly. The alpha coefficient for the total CCT was 0.74. A total of 177 parent couples self-completed the instruments. This procedure took approximately 20–30 min for each study participant. Predictor variables of the study were mother’s age, father’s age, mother’s education level, father’s education level, mother’s occupation, father’s occupation, monthly income, number of children, age of the youngest child, and gender of the youngest child. Pearson’s correlation, factor, and reliability analyses, paired t-tests, multiple regression analyses were used CCT. Results: Mothers in this study spent a significantly more significant proportion of their time completing independently child-care tasks more time alone than fathers. Considering all child-care tasks together, the average percentages of time that couples’ estimated mothers spent on child-care tasks were between 40 and 60%, fathers’ average percentages were 20 to 40%, and parents worked together approximately 20 to 40% in completing the tasks. Parenting goals of employee mothers were similar to their partners. Also, employed mothers were flexible with their partners regarding the division of child care. Conclusions: Demographic variables of the couples and their child were significant predictors for CCT and shared parenting attitudes in families. It is possible that mothers who tend to share this responsibility feel a greater sense of commitment to their families.

Abstract Introduction: Skills-based health education is useful in the promotion of health behaviors. Preparing for puberty is essential for adolescents. This study aimed to assess the effects of a skills-based education on girls' knowledge, attitudes, and practice about health in puberty. Methods: This was an experimental study on 80 female school students in Tehran, Iran. Two groups of forty participants were randomly designated as the experimental and control in two different high schools in Tehran. A skills-based education program trained the experimental group, and a routine lecture-based education taught the control group about health in puberty. Data was collected using a questionnaire that assessed the participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practice about health in puberty; before, immediately after, and two months after the education. Results: Knowledge and attitude were significantly improved in the skills-based education group comparing to the Lecture-based group, immediately after (P = 0.002 and P = 0.045, respectively) and two months after the interventions (P < 0.001 and P = 0.034, respectively). Both methods were not effective in improving practice. Conclusions: Skills-based health education is more effective than the routine lecture-based education on improving knowledge and attitudes about puberty in health.

Abstract
Introduction: Patient safety is the precious core in the healthcare organizations aimed at minimizing adverse events and eliminating preventable damages. This study aimed at determining the rate of observation of safety standards of ICU patients by nurses before and after implementation of a training program.
Methods: This quasi-experimental single-group study was conducted in two phases: observation of nursing performance related to patient safety and the implementation of a corrective training program. In the first phase, 4104 cases of nursing care related to patient safety performed by 54 ICU nurses were observed using chronological sampling. The same samples, i.e., 4104 nursing care performed by the same nurses, were used in the second phase of the study after implementing the training program. The data collection instrument was a valid and reliable researcher-made 76-item questionnaire consisting of 12 categories about nursing care related to patient safety. The corrective training program focused on nursing care related to patient safety. The gleaned data were analyzed with SPSS18 using descriptive statistics and non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
Results: The rate of correspondence between nursing care and the checklist was 44.32 % before the intervention, which increased to 95.61% after intervention by a 51.29% increase.
Conclusions: Implementation of the corrective intervention effectively promotes patient safety as a training program for nurses. The healthcare system's managers and authorities can reduce the damages sustained by patients and decrease treatment costs by concentrating on periodic supervision and continuous education programs to improve patient safety.

Abstract
Introduction: Childbirth requires several changes in the function of the uterus and cervix. Today, various methods are used to prepare the cervix. Ripening of the cervix is one of the most factors in a successful delivery. This study aims to compare the effects of vaginal misoprostol tablet with vaginal evening primrose capsule on cervical ripening in nulliparous women with term pregnancy.
Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial of a sokor conducted on 100 nulliparous women referred to Pasteur Hospital and Prenatal Clinic of University of Medical Sciences of Bam, 40 weeks to 40 weeks±6 days gestational age with Bishop Score less than 4. The women were selected by convenient sampling based on random numbers divided into two groups, evening primrose (1000 mg vaginal evening primrose capsules) and misoprostol (25 micrograms of vaginal misoprostol tablets). The data was collected by demographic and midwifery questionnaire, follow-up form, Bishop's checklist, fetal movement registration form, and daily record. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 software, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and Linear by Linear. In all of the tests, P < 0.05 was considered.
Results: Bishop’s score at admission in the evening primrose group was 1.84 ± 0.88 versus 0.78 ± 0.66 in the misoprostol group (P < 0.001). The two groups had significant differences in terms of dilatation and cervical consistency during admission. The dilatation in the evening primrose group significantly increased, and cervical consistency was considerably softer in the misoprostol group (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: It seems that evening primrose is more effective on cervical ripening and dilatation.

Abstract
Introduction: King’s Conceptual Model and Goal Attainment Theory can applicate as an effective framework in all fields of nursing such practice, education, management and research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of nursing interventions based King's theory.
Methods: In this systematic review, the databases as Scopus, Web of Sciences, Pub Med and search engine of Google Scholar have been searched. Then the review has been done in terms of the study criteria, and merely 10 articles have met the criteria.
Results: Our findings indicate, the common form of theory that has been applied in articles was goal attainment theory, except in one case. In 40% of the articles, the theory was used in educational fields and 60% were related to the clinical area.
Conclusions: According to this systematic review, King's Conceptual System and Theory of Goal Attainment has the potential to give an effective approach for nursing practice and it is recommended that this framework can be used in different clinical situations to attract the patients to better compliance, leading to an improvement in quality of life and reduce complications in patients.