Advances in Nursing & Midwifery

Dear Editor,
The realm of nursing has always confronted complex moral and social issues and has been developed by the effects of newly emerging knowledges [1]. One of these areas is the socio- strategical knowledge that is the central authority of professional nursing and prepares nurses to question the status quo and dominant structures in society which affect the health of individuals and communities [2].
Nurses are the largest human resources in the field of health care. Thay have many duties and responsibilities.
Currently, there are no accurate statistics on the number of nurses in Iran, but according to statistics provided by the nursing organization, there are approximately 200,000 nurses working in hospitals. Now Iranian nursing and heart nursing associations, as well as four newly established Iranian nursing administration, adult nursing care, community health and geriatric and children and infants nursing care along with other available potentials such as deputy of nursing care of the ministry of health, nursing board, nursing organization
can help to strengthen the socio- strategical aspect of nursing in Iran.
Nowadays, the Iranian nursing society is highly in demand of establishing strong foundations in social and strategical contexts. As far as the social dimension is concerned, the society's view of nursing is not appropriate in terms of structure, abilities, dignity and character. Professional nursing relationships with other disciplines are not satisfactory [3], while nursing is a multidisciplinary area which utilizes humanities such as psychology, sociology, philosophy-logic, theology and basic sciences such as mathematics, physics and chemistry, and a small percentage of this great discipline is the health science. Therefore, the role of nursing is low in the successes that are occasionally given to the physical and mental health of the community [4]. On the other hand, moving towards professional autonomy with strategies such as setting up and strengthening patient education units and keeping them active, the presence of nurses in health centers and the emphasis on professional role is helpful in achieving this goal.
AS for the strategical aspect, however, the need for the Iranian nursing society is apparently more perceptible because one of the important ways to access resources is to strongly influence on the national levels of the managerial positions and decision making. Nurses must participate in various strategical and social elections and gradually become involved in decision-making positions in order to protect the nursing profession and the general health of the community. It is imperative that nurses delegate individuals to decision-making seats, where this is a universally agreed upon strategy. A large number of nurses in the nursing associations, nursing and community-based organizations are active in elections, and serve as a source of strength and self-esteem in this profession.

Introduction: One of the important factors affecting women’s satisfaction with their marital life and the stability of family foundation is children. Several studies on the impact of the number and gender of children on marital satisfaction have shown conflicting results. This study is intended to explore the role of children on women’s marital satisfaction. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 264 married women living in Tehran. Data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire containing demographic information and the modified version of Enrich marital satisfaction scale. Data analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Indeed, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests and linear regression were employed. Significance level was taken 0.05. Results: The results suggested that mean ± standard deviation [1] of marital satisfaction score for all research units was 37.28 ± 6.24. Generally, the average score of marital satisfaction for women without any children was higher compared to those with one or two children. Moreover, women whose first child was a girl had a higher average score in marital satisfaction than those whose first child was a boy. According to the results of multiple linear regression model, a significant predictor of women’s marital satisfaction was the gender of the first baby (P = 0.01). Conclusions: The results demonstrated that generally women with no child had higher marital satisfaction and the gender of the child in our research community played a determinant role in their marital satisfaction. Analytical studies in which the intervening variables are controlled are recommended.

Introduction: The role which nurses are playing in medication management is seriously changing over time. Nurses are authorized to prescribe medications in an ever-increasing number of countries. The main objective of the present review study is to introduce nurse prescribing as well as different types of prescriptions and their corresponding advantages, disadvantages, and barriers in the leading countries of nursing. Methods: The present study was performed by searching over the articles in information databases such as “PubMed”, “Google Scholar”, “Embase” , “Proquest”, “Ovid”, “Web of Science” and “Science Direct” using the English keywords such as “independent prescribing”, “supplementary nurse prescribing” and “prescribing”. As a result, 250 relevant papers were collected, out of which 38 ones were used in the present study. Results: The results of searching the sources and articles related to nurse prescribing were presented as the definition of nurse prescribing as well as different types of prescribing and their advantages and obstacles in the leading countries in nurse medication prescribing. Conclusions: Although there are many advantages for nurse prescribing such as cost-effectiveness of this method, the official prescribing by nurses is not authorized in many Asian countries such as Iran. Considering the positive role of nurse prescribing in the nursing professional improvement and the patient's satisfaction, it is also hoped to be applied in all countries.

Introduction: Medication administration errors are the most common medication errors. One of the most important causes of medication administration errors is a mistake in calculating the dose of medication by nurses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of using the Drug Calculation Cards on the amount and type of medication administration errors in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with one-group before-after design to examine the effects of using the Drug Calculation Cards on the amount and type of medication administration errors. Eligible NICU nurses in selected centers affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences were registered (n = 33) in the study within three months. Then, before intervention data were collected using “medication administration errors reporting” questionnaire. Three months later the intervention (drug calculation card) was done and the same medication administration errors reporting questionnaire was dispersed. The data were entered to the SPSS version 14 and was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The mean medication administration error during the three months before and three months after the intervention were 12.41 ± 14.48 and 9.62 ± 12.72, respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Using the Drug Calculation Cards by nurses in

Abstract Introduction: Development in children is a qualitative change in their abilities. When children cannot acquire developmental skills according to age, it shows delayed development. Low and high maternal age during pregnancy is a kind of risk factor for developmental disorders in children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive comparative study that was performed on 400 women who had less than 19 and over 35 years old during pregnancy and now have 4-24-months infants that referred to health centers Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. Participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling. Data collection instruments were: A demographic, obstetric and the “Ages and Stages Questionnaires” for 4-24 months children. Data analysis was done by using the software SPSS 16, and independent t-test, chi-square and logistic-regression tests were used. Results: The prevalence of developmental delay in infants 4-24-months of mothers fewer than 19 and older than 35 years was 7 percent and 11 percent respectively. In mothers over 35 years old, all domains were higher than the others. In both groups of maternal age, the most delayed development was gross motor; the lowest prevalence of late event in a group of mothers less than 19 years was personal-social skills and in women over 35 years was problem-solving. Conclusions: Pregnancy in ages over 35 and less than 19 years are risk factors for the developmental delay of children and could be prevented by appropriate strategies and training.

Background/objective: social support is one of the most important aspects of the life of the elderly which shows the amount of enjoying from love, help, and attention of family members, friends, and others. Therefore, the present study aims at determining the predictors of the amount of social support in the elderly of Tehran.

Methods: this was a descriptive-analytic study; using cluster sampling, it was conducted on 400 elderly people visiting the parks in Tehran five districts in 2017. The personal information questionnaire and “the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)-Social Support questionnaire” were used for data collection after confirming their reliability and validity. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software, descriptive statistics, T-test, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis.

Result: the average age and the elderly social support scores were 69.1 (±7.09) and 75.33 (±20.53). The results of multiple linear regression indicated that the variables of life companions (B=3.41), marital status (B=2.47), and housing status (B=-2.87) are regarded as predicting variables of social support.

Conclusion: the married elderly, those who live with their spouse and children or those owning a personal house are more socially supported than the other elderly people. The educational level and the number of children did not have a significant relationship with the amount of social support. It seems that increased support for the elderly caregivers, training specialist forces for the elderly and organizing family consultation for the elderly and their family are effective in increasing emotional support.