The "Applied Food Biotechnology (AFB)" as an international peer reviewed journal supported by university (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences) and Nongovernmental Scientific Society (Iranian Society of Probiotics and Functional Foods). This journal publishes articles on applied biotechnology in the field of food production, fortification, safety, etc.; Food Microbiology Biotechnology; Enzyme Technology in Food; Nanobiotechnology in Food Science and Technology; Biopolymers as Food Packaging Materials; Role of Microorganisms in Waste Treatment of Food Industries; Synthetic and System Biotechnology in Food Science. The journal adheres to all recommendations and guidelines of International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Impact Factor 2023 & 2024 & 2025: 2.6 & 1.3 & 1.6 | CiteScore 2023 & 2024: 3.5 & 3.4 | H index: 27, (Q3) | NAAS Score2025: 8.6 Certificate ID: 25915 (date: 14 Jan 2015) The journal’s revenue sources are subscriptions, institutional support, ACP, and organizational support. Journal is hybrid: open access and subscription system.
SBMU & National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute & Iranian Probiotic and Functional Foods Society
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The Role of Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer Management: A New Strategy in Health Policymaking
Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, driven largely by the complex interplay between host genetics and the gut microbiota. The objective of this study is to develop evidence-based health policy recommendations for integrating microbiome profiling into national CRC screening and management protocols. Material and Methods: Evidence from major databases and an approved project on CRC microbiota was synthesized through translational policy analysis to map biological mechanisms against clinical guidelines and identify strategic gaps. Results and Conclusion: A robust, multidimensional policy framework is urgently needed to bridge the translational gap between microbiome research and clinical oncology. We propose specific policy recommendations to establish standardized microbial profiling in routine CRC screening, fund longitudinal studies on host-microbe interactions, and integrate bioinformatic tools into clinical decision-making. These strategic shifts will enable the transition from reactive treatment to proactive, microbiome-informed precision care, ultimately reducing CRC mortality and healthcare burdens. Keywords: Colorectal Cancer, Gut Microbiota, Health Policy Introduction and statement of the problem Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, imposing a profound and escalating burden on global healthcare systems. While conventional oncological paradigms have historically prioritized host genetics as the primary driver of carcinogenesis, recent research has shifted focus toward the critical influence of the gut microbiota in human health and disease [1]. As a dynamic and complex “virtual organ,” the gut microbiota is integral not only to physiological processes—such as nutrient metabolism and digestion—but also to the modulation of inflammatory pathways through the production of bioactive metabolites and continuous cross-talk with the host immune system [2]. Mounting evidence suggests that microbial imbalance, or dysbiosis, serves as a The clinical management of colorectal cancer (CRC) is fundamentally challenged by its complex, multifactorial etiology. CRC is not merely a consequence of intrinsic genetic aberrations; rather, it emerges from a deleterious interplay between environmental exposures and the gut microbial ecosystem [1]. Mounting evidence indicates that shifts in the composition of the gut microbiome exert a direct regulatory influence on cellular signaling pathways and the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and cell proliferation [2]. Experimental evidence supports this: in vitro studies employing the MTT assay on HT29 cell lines have demonstrated that metabolites derived from the microbiota of CRC patients significantly modulate cancer cell viability, highlighting the direct impact of microbial products on tumor phenotype [3]. Furthermore, therapeutic resistance has emerged as a significant barrier to successful clinical outcomes. Recent data suggest that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in modulating the host’s response to both conventional chemotherapy and emerging immunotherapies [4]. Consequently, the current clinical landscape suffers from a critical deficiency: the absence of precise, non-invasive risk assessment tools and validated diagnostic signatures based on microbial profiles. Addressing this gap is essential for the evolution of more effective, personalized screening and therapeutic protocols. Methods We conducted a targeted search of peer-reviewed literature and clinical guidelines across PubMed/MED-LINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented by hand-searching key references and finding was supported further informed by materials derived from the approved project “Alterations in the gut microbiota and their metabolites in human intestinal epithelial cells of patients with colorectal cancer”. This evidence was synthesized using a translational policy analysis approach to map biological mechanisms against existing clinical guidelines and identify gaps for strategic directives Results Systems biology analyses reveal that colorectal cancer (CRC) originates from a dysregulated network of genes and proteins, significantly modulated by the gut microbial ecosystem [2]. Under conditions of microbial homeostasis, specific metabolites—most notably short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)—exert potent anti-tumorigenic effects. Conversely, the onset of dysbiosis precipitates a decline in these protective metabolites coupled with an upregulation of pro-inflammatory compounds. This biochemical shift compromises the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, thereby fostering a microenvironment conducive to neoplastic transformation and tumor progression [4-6]. Concurrently, innovative therapeutic modalities are currently exploring the “manipulation” of the microbiome to reverse treatment resistance and restore cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy and immunotherapy [4]. Given the multifaceted nature of these host-microbe interactions, the integration of bioinformatic data analysis with longitudinal microbial profiling offers a promising roadmap for the next generation of precision therapies. As current research underscores, elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms that govern this cross-talk is critical for identifying novel therapeutic targets and systematically mitigating the prevalence of resistance to oncological interventions [4]. Health Policy Framework Translating foundational laboratory insights into actionable clinical practice necessitates the development of a robust and multidimensional policy framework. To bridge this translational gap, a comprehensive strategy must be established, centered upon four fundamental pillars: Standardization and Regulatory Oversight The integration of emerging therapies, such as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and the utilization of genetically engineered bacterial strains, requires the establishment of stringent ethical and regulatory frameworks. To ensure patient safety and therapeutic consistency, it is imperative to develop standardized protocols for the sourcing, processing, and clinical application of these microbial interventions. Such regulatory oversight is essential to mitigate potential risks and provide a secure, evidence-based foundation for their adoption in routine clinical practice. Microbial Screening and Diagnostic Integration: Health policymakers should prioritize the development and validation of “microbial signature” assays as diagnostic adjuncts within national screening programs. By leveraging high-resolution microbiome data, these non-invasive diagnostic tools offer a transformative approach to early risk stratification. The widespread implementation of such screening strategies would significantly enhance the early detection of colorectal cancer, enable timely clinical intervention and improve long-term prognostic outcomes for high-risk populations. 3. Equitable Distribution of Nutritional Interventions: Public health initiatives should systematically promote, as a cost-effective and evidence-based strategy, lifestyle modifications that foster gut microbiome homeostasis—such as the adoption of high-fiber diets and the regular consumption of fermented foods. Integrating these nutritional paradigms into national noncommunicable disease (NCD) prevention programs represents a high-impact, scalable strategy to improve population-level gut health. By institutionalizing these preventative measures, policymakers can effectively reduce the burden of chronic intestinal inflammation, thereby decreasing the long-term incidence of colorectal malignancy. Precision and Personalized Therapeutics Policymakers must champion interdisciplinary research initiatives that aim to correlate individual microbial profiles with standard oncological treatment protocols. By transitioning toward a model of precision medicine, clinicians can tailor therapeutic strategies to the unique microbial landscape of the patient, thereby minimizing adverse events and maximizing therapeutic efficacy. This personalized approach not only optimizes clinical outcomes but also addresses the challenge of treatment resistance, marking a paradigm shift in the standard of care for colorectal cancer. CONVERT TO POLICY In the contemporary medical landscape, colorectal cancer (CRC) has emerged as an exceptionally complex malignancy that cannot be effectively managed without accounting for the multifaceted role of the gut microbiota—the patient’s “virtual organ.” Empirical evidence consistently demonstrates that the intestinal microbiota acts as a primary determinant not only in the pathophysiology of CRC but also in influencing clinical outcomes and therapeutic responsiveness. Integrating comprehensive “microbial risk assessment” into national screening protocols and incorporating “microbial modulators” into standard therapeutic regimens offer the potential to fundamentally transform patient survival rates and long-term quality of life. Health policymakers should evaluate the formal adoption of microbiome-based interventions as a robust third arm of cancer care, operating in synergy with traditional surgical and chemotherapeutic modalities. The future of CRC management lies in the convergence of systems biology, precision diagnostics, and intelligent microbial engineering. Achieving this clinical transition requires a prioritized, sustained investment in interdisciplinary research, bridging the gap between bench-side discovery and bedside application to redefine the standard of care.
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Mercury Contamination in Foods: Public Health Challenges and Policy Recommendations
Background and Objective: Mercury as a toxic contaminate may enter food chains, accumulate in seafood, and pose significant risks to human health. Mercury exposure has been associated with neurological, developmental, renal, and immune disorders, particularly among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, fetuses, and children. Despite increasing evidence regarding the adverse health effects of mercury, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mercury toxicity and their implications for public health policy remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the public health implications of mercury contamination in food products and propose evidence-based policy recommendations to reduce mercury exposure and improve food safety. Methods: Mercury-associated genes and anxiety disorder–related genes were obtained from publicly available biological databases and integrated to identify shared molecular targets. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted to characterize the biological processes and signaling pathways associated with these genes. Gene interaction networks were subsequently constructed and analyzed to identify key regulatory genes and functional relationships. In addition, network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches were used to evaluate potential protective compounds targeting mercury-responsive molecular pathways. Results and Conclusion: Mercury exposure was found to induce oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and dysregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways involving IL1B, IL6, TNF, and IFNG. Evidence also indicated that mercury-responsive genes are enriched in pathways related to inflammation and immune regulation. Based on these findings, policy recommendations were developed focusing on enhanced food safety monitoring, biotechnology-based detection systems, environmental source control, mercury bioremediation, public education, and continued research investment. Mercury contamination should be recognized not only as an environmental issue but also as an important food safety, biotechnology, and public health priority requiring coordinated multidisciplinary action. Keywords: Mercury, Food Safety, Heavy Metals, Biosensors, Bioremediation Introduction and statement of the problem Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants and represent critical risk factors for human health. They are released through industrial activities such as mining, smelting, and manufacturing, as well as agricultural practices and urban waste, which lead to contamination of soil, water, air, and food chains [1, 2]. Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals and poses significant risks to human health. It can enter aquatic ecosystems and accumulate in organisms. Additionally, seafood and dental amalgam fillings are other important sources of human mercury exposure [3]. Long-term mercury exposure disrupts neurological, renal, digestive, and immune functions [4-6]. Recent advances in food biotechnology, including biosensors and rapid detection platforms, offer tools for monitoring mercury contamination in food products and strengthening food safety systems [7]. Therefore, understanding mercury contamination in foods is essential for improving food safety, protecting vulnerable populations, and developing biotechnology-based preven-tion and remediation strategies. Contamination with toxic elements is one of the most concerning and challenging issues in this century [8]. These toxic elements enter the food chain in different ways, such as through environmental contamination of food products, waterways and oceans, which are polluted by untreated municipal and industrial wastes, and the rainwater that is contaminated by polluted air [8, 9]. Evidence showed that fish and seafood, which are kinds of marine organisms, contain high concentrations of toxic elements, such as mercury, that can accumulate in human tissues and lead to neurological impairment, developmental abnormalities, and cognitive dysfunction, especially in sensitive populations such as pregnant women, fetuses, and children [9-11]. To evaluate the impact of mercury accumulation in foods on public health and develop effective preventive strategies, it is necessary to understand its mechanisms and conseque-nces. This issue is not only environmental but also technolo-gical and regulatory. Conventional monitoring methods may be costly, centralized, and slow, limiting rapid detection across the food supply chain [12]. Therefore, food biotechnology approaches should be integrated into food safety systems to enable faster screening of mercury contamination in seafood and other high-risk products. Methods Anxiety disorder–related genes were collected from GeneCards, DisGeNET, and DISEASES databases, and overlapping genes were identified using Venn diagram analysis. Mercury-responsive genes were subsequently extracted from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), and common genes between anxiety disorder and mercury-associated datasets were selected as mercury-responsive genes in anxiety disorder. Functional enrichment analysis of these genes was performed using DAVID to identify significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes and KEGG pathways. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) data were obtained from the STRING database and imported into Cytoscape for network construction and topological analysis. Core subnetworks and hub genes were identified using the CytoNCA and CytoHubba plugins. The resulting critical gene network was further analyzed using GeneMANIA to predict gene interactions and functional associations. Finally, potential protective agents against mercury-induced anxiety were identified through network pharmacology approaches, and molecular docking analysis was performed to evaluate the binding interactions between candidate compounds and core target proteins [13]. Results Studies have shown that mercury exposure induces various disorders, including neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, and cardiovascular disturbances. This metal could cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and lead to different neurological dysfunctions. Neuroinflammation is considered one of the major contributors to neurological disorders and can be induced through oxidative stress processes [10, 14]. Mercury exposure increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and produces oxidative stress. These processes lead to cellular damage and disruption of normal physiological functions. Excessive ROS generation may damage proteins, lipids, and DNA, leading to alterations in cellular metabolism and tissue injury [15]. In addition to oxidative stress, mercury exposure can activate inflammatory pathways and dysregu-late cytokine signaling. Functional enrichment and network analyses further demonstrated that mercury-responsive genes are significantly enriched in inflammatory response pathways and the positive regulation of gene expression. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified IL1B, IL6, TNF, and IFNG as core mercury-associated targets, highlighting the central role of inflammatory signaling in mercury toxicity. Additional network-associated genes, including CASP1, TNFAIP3, and SQSTM1, were also linked to mercury-responsive pathways. Furthermore, pathway enrichment analyses identified associations with IL-17 signaling, inflammatory bowel disease, and lipid and atherosclerosis pathways, suggesting contribution of mercury exposure to systemic inflammatory processes beyond neurological dysfunction. Potential protective agents, including quercetin, curcumin, selenium, glutathione, and succimer, were identified because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metal-chelating properties, indicating possible therapeutic strategies to mitigate mercury-induced toxicity [13]. Health Policy Framework 4.1. Enhanced Food Safety Monitoring and Regulatory Oversight Regulatory agencies should strengthen surveillance programs for mercury contamination in seafood and other high-risk food products. Routine monitoring should be expanded, particularly for foods frequently consumed by pregnant women, children, and other vulnerable popula-tions. Updated dietary guidelines and seafood consumption advisories should be developed based on current scientific evidence to help consumers make informed dietary choices. In addition, stricter regulatory oversight is needed to ensure compliance with mercury safety limits throughout food production and distribution systems. 4.2. Integration of Food Biotechnology into Mercury Detection Programs Governments should promote the incorporation of food biotechnology into national food safety frameworks. Investment in the development and validation of biosensor-based detection systems, molecular monitoring tools, and other rapid screening technologies would improve the identification of mercury contamination in seafood and food-processing facilities. Compared with conventional laboratory-based testing, these technologies can facilitate faster detection, support real-time monitoring, and strengthen traceability across the food supply chain. 4.3. Environmental Source Control and Mercury Bioremediation Prevention of mercury contamination should focus on reducing environmental releases at their source. Policymakers should strengthen industrial discharge regulations, wastewater treatment requirements, emission controls, and environmental monitoring programs for mining, manufacturing, and other mercury-emitting industries. In contaminated ecosystems, bioremediation approaches should be evaluated as sustainable and environmentally friendly remediation strategies. The use of mercury-resistant microorganisms, algae, and plants may help remove, transform, or immobilize mercury in contaminated soil and water, thereby reducing its bioavailability and limiting its entry into aquatic food webs and the human food chain. 4.4. Public Education and Risk Communication Public health authorities should implement comprehensive educational initiatives to increase awareness of mercury exposure risks and promote safer food choices. Risk communication strategies should be culturally appropriate, scientifically accurate, and tailored to vulnerable populations, including pregnant women, children, and communities with high seafood consumption. Educational campaigns should emphasize both the nutritional benefits of seafood and the importance of selecting low-mercury alternatives to reduce health risks while maintaining dietary quality. 4.5. Research and Innovation in Mercury Prevention Technologies Policymakers should support interdisciplinary research initiatives aimed at improving mercury monitoring, prevention, and remediation technologies. Continued investment in biotechnology-based detection systems, environmental bioremediation strategies, and food safety surveillance platforms will facilitate the development of more effective and sustainable approaches for reducing mercury contamination. Strengthening collaboration among researchers, public health agencies, environmental regulators, and industry will be essential for translating scientific advances into practical public health solutions. POLICY Mercury contamination in food products is a serious public health problem because it can enter food chains, accumulate in seafood, and expose humans. Evidence shows that mercury may disrupt neurological and immune functions and may contribute to developmental and cognitive problems. Reducing mercury exposure requires coordinated action through environmental controls, food monitoring, public education, dietary guidance, biotechnology-based detection, and bioremediation. Overall, mercury contamination should be considered not only an environmental issue but also an important food safety, biotechnology, and public health priority.
Role of Biotechnology Strategies for Dietary Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and progressive neurological dysfunction. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary patterns, gut microbiota composition, probiotics, and nutritional interventions may influence disease activity, symptom severity, and quality of life in patients with MS. This study aimed to evaluate the role of nutrition, probiotics, and biotechnology-based dietary approaches in MS management and to propose evidence-based policy recommendations for improving patient outcomes. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify studies related to multiple sclerosis, nutrition, gut microbiota, probiotics, dietary interventions, and biotechnology-based therapeutic strategies. Relevant peer-reviewed articles and review papers were evaluated, and findings were synthesized to assess the potential impact of dietary and microbiome-targeted interventions on MS progression and patient well-being. Results and Conclusion: Evidence indicates that probiotics and dietary interventions may reduce neuroinflammation, modulate immune responses, improve gut microbiota composition, and positively influence in patients with MS. Engineered probiotics, functional foods, and nutritional supplements including polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, antioxidants, and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids have demonstrated potential benefits on physical, mental, and social health outcomes. Advances in biotechnology, including microbial engineering, bioinformatics, proteomics, and genome sequencing, may facilitate the development of safer and more effective nutrition-based interventions. Overall, nutritional and microbiome-targeted strategies represent promising complementary approaches for MS management and should be further investigated to support evidence-based healthcare policies. Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Gut Microbiota, Probiotics, Nutrition, Biotechnology Introduction and Statement of the Problem Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which causes neuronal degeneration. It is estimated that a total of 1.89 million people live with MS (23.9 cases per 100,000 population) worldwide. The global prevalence of multiple sclerosis is increasing. In 2021, over 62,000 new cases diagnosed with MS. The mean age of the disease diagnosis is 30 years of age, with a female predominance. The etiology of the multiple sclerosis is complex due to the various risk factors including genetic susceptibility and environmental factors like infections, smoking and, obesity [1]. Main clinical features of MS disease are inflammation, demyelination and, neurodegeneration. Most of MS lesions involve central nervous system (CNS). Neurodegeneration plays a major role in physical and cognitive disabilities [2]. Recent researches indicated that food intake and nutrition have a great impact on MS patient’s clinical manifestations and quality of life. Low saturated fat dietary has beneficial effects on patients’ nervous system. Food enriched with liver fish oil and vegetables oil decreased severity of the disease and improved neural functions. Moreover, it is emphasized that the gut microbiota interacts with the nervous system and affect the treatment outcome. So, it has been suggested that food and dietary interventions beside standard treatment protocols significantly improve clinical symptoms of MS patients [3]. Despite the recent advances in MS treatment, it is still causes a significant socioeconomical burden. Moreover, it is showed that lifestyle specially food and nutrition’s intake have a great impact on diseases activity and severity. Various studies indicated that food intake pattern like saturated fat intake, alcohol or coffee consumption can worsen the MS pathological symptoms while dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFAs have beneficial effects for MS patients. Besides, probiotics and supplements including vitamin D, vitamin A, B vitamins and, antioxidants can improve patients’ wellness and play role as complementary treatment. So, with the help of biotechnology methods, dietary interventions and engineered probiotics could be a potential treatment approach for MS patients [4]. Methods A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify studies related to multiple sclerosis, nutrition, probiotics, gut microbiota, dietary interventions, and biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches. Relevant peer-reviewed articles, review papers, clinical studies, and experimental investigations were screened and evaluated for evidence regarding the effects of dietary patterns, probiotic supplementation, functional foods, and microbiome-targeted interventions on disease activity, neurological function, inflammation, and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Findings from the selected literature were synthesized to assess current evidence and to develop policy recommendations regarding the application of nutrition and biotechnology strategies in the management of multiple sclerosis. Results Probiotics and natural compounds combination therapy using biotechnology strategies boost the effectiveness of the treatment. Engineered probiotics from gut microbiota such as Bifidobacterium Sp., Lactobacillus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus thermophiles modulate the immune system and decrease brain inflammation. In this regard, microbial screening and selection, isolation and metabolic engineering approaches assist design and engineering of appropriate probiotic for MS patients. In addition, with the help of these techniques the quality of the dietary nutrition can be improved. In this regard functional food which contains specific compounds will be accessible for MS patients, refines patients’ health, improves their quality of life and finally, decreases the costs [5]. Studies indicated that using probiotics decreased inflammatory mediators including cytokines and chemokines and inhibited migration of the pathogenic immune cells into the CNS. Such interventions also altered gut microbiome and modulate gut-brain axis which resulted in a significant positive impact on physical complications like fatigue, mental health, social dysfunction, anxiety and pain. Probiotics usually well tolerated and had no serious adverse effects. Moreover, it is suggested that microbiome inhibited and delayed MS progression, flare up and dampened intensity of symptoms as compared to the control groups. Probiotics derived metabolites especially short chain fatty acids (SCAFs) also caused intestine and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, decreased inflammation and enhanced neurogenesis. Recent data showed that dietary interventions can boost the effects of the conventional treatments, decrease their adverse effects, enhance physical, mental and social function of the MS patients [6]. Health Policy Framework and Recommendation The following highlighted points are the recommended opinions to find a suitable protocol to approve the MS patient’s health aspects: A: Targeting gut using probiotics, antibiotics and, dietary nutrition as a potential complementary treatment for MS patients via a mixture of two or more bacteria strains such as mixture of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus Sp. [7]. B: Since dietary patterns can shape or alter the gut microbial composition, therefore, matching dietary style with gut microbiota is a significant point in MS patients' health improvement. C: To achieve the safer composition of gut microbiota and increment of nutrition uptake in MS patients, development of the related biotechnology and microbiological, genetic, and toxicological analysis related to the engineered probiotics should be considered.
The Need to Manage Arsenic Contamination in the Food Supply Chain and Processing to Promote Public Health
Background and Objective: : Long-term exposure to arsenic through food, beyond direct risks (such as skin lesions), causes immune system dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and reduced cognitive development in children. This research provides a health policy framework based on the results of a study of cellular and molecular changes in human keratinocytes exposed to arsenic. Material and Methods: RNA sequencing of arsenic-exposed HaCaT keratinocytes versus controls was used to identify differentially expressed genes. A protein-protein interaction network was then constructed and a critical subnet was extracted through topological analysis. Results and Conclusion: Overall, integrating gene expression with protein interaction analysis highlighted a core protein subnetwork and revealed possible underlying mechanisms. Here, a health policy framework was built on these findings, emphasizing stricter exposure control and the development of surveillance. Keywords: Human health risk, Food chain contamination, Arsenic toxicity Introduction and statement of the problem Arsenic is a toxic heavy metal and a pervasive environmental pollutant that can infiltrate the food chain, particularly in rice, rice-based products, vegetables, and seafood, through various sources, including drinking water and soil. Research indicates that inorganic arsenic forms pose a greater toxicity risk than their organic counterparts. Long-term exposure to arsenic can significantly endanger human health, leading to several types of cancer, skin diseases, neurological problems, and developmental disorders [1, 2]. This is not only one of the foremost challenges to individual health, but also a heavy economic burden on the health system. Traditional methods alone are inadequate to eliminate arsenic at high levels, indicating the need for scientific interventions at both macro and household levels. This policy recommendation is derived from our research project aimed at deciphering the molecular mechanisms associated with arsenic-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) [3]. Methods Our previous study used a systematic bioinformatics and network pharmacology approach to investigate the molecular mechanisms of arsenic toxicity in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and the potential of protective agents. First, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by analyzing gene expression data (RNA-seq) and enriched them using gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways. Then, a critical protein subnetwork was screened by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network in Cytoscape software and applying stringent topological filters (via CytoNca and CytoHubba plugins). Finally, using the CTD database, potential chemical and natural agents to counteract arsenic toxicity were identified, and their efficacy was evaluated through drug-protein interaction analysis and detailed molecular docking simulations to predict binding affinity to target proteins [3]. Results The results of our previous study indicate that in long-term arsenic-treated human keratinocytes, 705 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among these genes, 15 key targets were identified as critical arsenic-responsive subnetwork [3]. In the evaluation phase of protective agents, “folic acid” and “quercetin” showed the most importance with these targets. Health Policy Framework 4.1. Suggested strategies for risk reduction a) Modifying preparation and processing methods (household-based educational interventions): - Post-harvest processing methods, standardizing cooking practices, and providing scientific guidelines for arsenic reduction [4, 5]. - Public awareness to change dietary habits and cooking practices in at-risk communities [6]. b) Integrating food biotechnology for the remediation of arsenic (structural interventions): - Developing strategies to reduce arsenic uptake: Invest in genetic modification and targeted genome editing (CRISPR) to produce varieties of cereals that have the lowest rate of arsenic uptake by the roots [7]. - Bio-processing and environmental bioremediation: Using specific enzymes and microbial fermentation under controlled conditions to convert toxic forms of arsenic into less bioavailable compounds [8]. - Use of biosorbents for trapping arsenic: Research on biomaterials and bio-based nano materials that can be used to trap arsenic in groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater [9]. Food biotechnology can be both a complement to household-level methods and a final solution to reduce the pollution load on the water, soil-plant systems, and food products [1]. 4.2. Policy recommendations and guidelines a- Primary prevention and exposure control: Given its molecular carcinogenicity and other proven health effects, monitoring and reducing arsenic in drinking water and food in high-risk areas should be prioritized as a fundamental cancer prevention measure. b- Strengthen regulatory monitoring: Identify and map high-risk areas and require arsenic labeling on the packaging of strategic products in high-risk areas. c- Surveillance and early detection: Strengthen screening programs for communities chronically exposed to arsenic and consider exposure history (e.g., years of drinking water with high arsenic) in risk-based screening algorithms. d- Investment in research and development (R&D): - Periodic updates of toxicological standards, occupational restrictions, and nutritional recommendations for at-risk populations. - Study of the cost-effectiveness of technologies for public policy and support knowledge-based biotechnology projects to provide “arsenic-free” products to people. e- Education and outreach: Integrate applied biotechnology training (e.g., rapid home arsenic-detection kits) into environmental health programs and human health risk assessment. f- Agricultural management: Replacing sensitive crops in high-arsenic fields with more resistant crops through agricultural biotechnology knowledge. Current evidence links arsenic exposure to specific molecular changes in humans. Modifying traditional food preparation methods is a necessary but insufficient step. To tackle high arsenic levels, the government must move towards “biotechnological sustainability.” Incorporating biotechnology into production and processing, along with changes in social behaviors around household practices, is the only practical way to significantly reduce the burden of arsenic-related diseases in the country. A health policy framework should focus on exposure reduction and surveillance, while explicitly promoting research to test these potential protective factors before widespread implementation in the public health arena. 5. Declarations 5.1. Acknowledgement This research was supported by 43006775 Grant Nomber, approved ethic code IR.SBMU.SRC.REC.-1402.016. 5.2. Conflict of Interest The authors report no conflict of interest. 5.3. Using chatbots We used an AI academic search engine for scientiﬁc research (https://consensus.app/). 5.4. Authors' Contributions All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript.
Policy Options for Reducing Toxocara spp. Contamination in Iran: One Health Approach
Background and Objective: Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs represents an important yet neglected public health concern due to its role in the transmission of human toxocariasis. Children are particularly vulnerable because of frequent exposure to contaminated soil in public spaces. This policy brief was developed to provide evidence-informed policy recommendations for reducing Toxocara spp. soil contamination and human exposure in Iran through a One Health approach. Material and Methods: This policy brief was developed based on evidence generated from a previously conducted systematic review and meta-analysis entitled “An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Toxocara spp. Eggs in the Soil of Public Areas in Iran,” approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Epidemiological findings were synthesized and translated into policy recommendations using a One Health framework integrating human, animal, and environmental health perspectives. Results and Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of Toxocara spp. soil contamination in Iran was estimated at 16% (95% CI: 12–21%), indicating persistent environmental exposure risk. No significant reduction in contamination was observed over the past two decades. Current evidence supports four complementary policy pillars: environmental surveillance, animal reservoir management, public education, and intersectoral One Health governance. Policymakers should prioritize the establishment of coordinated One Health programs, routine environmental monitoring, management of animal reservoirs, and community-based educational interventions to reduce environmental contamination and protect vulnerable populations. Keywords: Toxocara spp.; Soil contamination; Toxocariasis; One Health; Public health policy; Environmental surveillance; Iran Introduction and statement of the problem Toxocariasis is one of the most common zoonotic helminth infections worldwide and remains an important yet frequently neglected public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries [1, 2]. Human infection occurs primarily through accidental ingestion of embryon-ated eggs of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati from contaminated environments. Public parks, playgrounds, schoolyards, and other recreational areas represent major sources of exposure, especially for children, who are more likely to come into direct contact with contaminated soil through outdoor activities and hand-to-mouth behaviors. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to visceral, ocular, and neurological larva migrans, with ocular toxocariasis potentially resulting in permanent visual impairment [1-4]. Environmental contamination of soil with Toxocara eggs is recognized as a key indicator of transmission risk within communities. Unlike many infectious diseases that can be monitored through clinical surveillance systems, human toxocariasis is frequently underdiagnosed due to its nonspecific clinical presentation and limited routine diagn-ostic testing. Consequently, environmental surveillance provides an important proxy measure for assessing population exposure and identifying areas requiring prev-entive interventions [1, 2, 4]. Evidence from a recent systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs remains widespread across Iran. The pooled prevalence of contamination in public areas was estimated at 16% (95% CI: 12–21%), indicating that approximately one in every six soil samples collected from public environments contains Toxocara eggs [1, 2]. Furthermore, temporal analyses demonstrated no statistically significant reduction in contamination levels over the past two decades, suggesting that existing preventive measures have been insufficient to achieve meaningful control. Geographic variation was also observed, with several central and arid provinces reporting higher contamination rates than southern regions. The persistence of environmental contamination reflects a broader One Health challenge involving interactions among animal reservoirs, environmental conditions, and human exposure. Iran continues to face substantial popula-tions of free-roaming dogs and cats, while coordinated national programs for routine deworming, population management, and environmental monitoring remain limited. In addition, public awareness regarding zoonotic soil-transmitted infections is generally low, further increasing the risk of exposure among vulnerable populations [3, 5]. Given the sustained burden of environmental contamin-ation and the absence of coordinated control strategies, there is an urgent need for evidence-informed policies that integrate human, animal, and environmental health perspectives. This policy brief examines available policy options for reducing Toxocara spp. soil contamination in Iran and provides recommendations to support the implementation of a One Health approach aimed at minimizing environmental transmission and protecting public health. Methods This policy brief was developed based on evidence generated from a previously published systematic review and meta-analysis entitled “An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Toxocara spp. Eggs in the Soil of Public Areas in Iran” (Maleki et al., 2025). The parent study was conducted under the approval of the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code: IR.SBMU.SRC.REF.1404.006). Evidence regarding the prevalence, temporal trends, and geographical distribution of Toxocara spp. soil contamin-ation in Iran was synthesized and interpreted within a One Health framework. Based on the identified evidence and public health priorities, policy options and recommen-dations were formulated to support decision-making for reducing environmental contamination and human exposure in Iran. Results Evidence synthesized from the available literature demonstrates that environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs remains widespread and persistent across public areas in Iran. The pooled prevalence of soil contamination was estimated at 16%, indicating that a considerable proportion of parks, playgrounds, and recreational environments continue to function as reservoirs of zoonotic transmission. Despite increasing awareness of parasitic zoonoses, temporal analyses revealed no statis-tically significant reduction in contamination levels over the past two decades, suggesting that existing control measures have had limited impact on interrupting environmental transmission [1, 2]. The observed contamination pattern reflects the complex interaction between animal reservoirs, environmental conditions, and human exposure. Free-roaming dogs and cats represent the primary source of environmental egg dissemination, while favorable climatic conditions may facilitate egg survival and prolong infectivity in soil. Geographic heterogeneity identified across provinces further suggests that local ecological characteristics, urbanization patterns, and stray animal densities may influence contamination dynamics. These findings indicate that environmental contamination is not solely a veterinary issue but rather a multifactorial public health challenge requiring coordinated intervention. Current evidence also highlights important deficiencies in surveillance and prevention systems. Environmental monitoring remains fragmented and geographically limited, while no standardized national framework exists for routine assessment of soil contamination. Furthermore, public awareness regarding zoonotic soil-transmitted infections appears insufficient, particularly among populations with frequent exposure to contaminated environments. Together, these factors contribute to the continued circulation of Toxocara eggs in public spaces and sustain the risk of human infection. From a policy perspective, the findings support the adoption of an integrated One Health strategy that simultaneously targets animal reservoirs, environmental contamination, and human behavioral risk factors. Strengthening surveillance systems, expanding deworming programs, improving management of stray animal populations, and implementing educational interventions may collectively reduce environmental contamination and human exposure. The persistence of contamination despite decades of documented evidence underscores the need to transition from isolated control activities toward coordinated, evidence-informed national policies.. Health Policy Framework The persistence of Toxocara spp. contamination in public soils across Iran highlights the need for a coordinated and evidence-informed policy response. Reducing environmental transmission requires interventions that simultaneously address animal reservoirs, environmental contamination, human behavior, and intersectoral governance. Based on the available evidence, a comprehensive One Health strategy should be implemented through four complementary policy priorities. 4.1. National Environmental Surveillance and Monitoring Effective control of environmental toxocariasis requires the establishment of a standardized national surveillance system for monitoring soil contamination. Routine environmental sampling of parks, playgrounds, schoolyards, and other public spaces should be integrated into existing public health monitoring programs. Geographic Information System (GIS)-based mapping of contamination hotspots would enable policymakers to identify high-risk areas, prioritize resource allocation, and evaluate the effectiveness of implemented interventions. Standardized surveillance protocols would also improve comparability of data across provinces and support evidence-based decision-making at both local and national levels. 4.2. Integrated Management of Animal Reservoirs Dogs and cats represent the principal sources of environmental contamination through the shedding of Toxocara eggs. Therefore, national and municipal authorities should strengthen programs aimed at routine deworming of owned pets and humane management of free-roaming animal populations. Integrated approaches combining deworming, vaccination, registration of companion animals, and trap-neuter-return (TNR) strategies may substantially reduce environmental egg dissemination while maintaining animal welfare standards. Strengthening collaboration between veterinary services and municipalities is essential for the long-term sustainability of these interventions. 4.3. Public Education and Community Engagement Behavioral interventions constitute a critical component of toxocariasis prevention. Policymakers should promote nationwide educational initiatives targeting parents, schoolchildren, pet owners, and municipal workers regarding transmission pathways and preventive practices. Public awareness campaigns should emphasize hand hygiene, responsible pet ownership, safe disposal of animal feces, and the potential health risks associated with contaminated soils. Integrating zoonotic disease education into school health programs may provide a sustainable mechanism for reducing exposure among children, who represent the population at greatest risk. 4.4. One Health Governance and Intersectoral Coordination The complex transmission cycle of Toxocara spp. requires coordinated action across the human health, veterinary, environmental, and municipal sectors. Policymakers should establish formal One Health coordination mechanisms at national and provincial levels to facilitate information sharing, joint planning, and integrated implementation of control measures. The development of national guidelines, interagency agreements, and shared monitoring indicators would strengthen accountability and ensure that interventions are implemented consistently across regions. Collectively, these policy recommendations provide a practical roadmap for reducing environmental contamination and minimizing the public health burden of toxocariasis in Iran. Successful implementation will require sustained political commitment, intersectoral collaboration, and continued investment in evidence-based prevention strategies within a comprehensive One Health framework. Particular attention should be directed toward high-risk public spaces, vulnerable populations, and provinces with elevated levels of environmental contamination. Through coordinated national action, Iran can substantially reduce human exposure to Toxocara spp. and strengthen the prevention of zoonotic soil-transmitted infections.
A Policy Framework for Strengthening the Nutritional Safety of Gluten Free Diets in Patients with Celiac Disease
Bridging the Gap: Ministerial Policies to Address Food Insecurity and Gluten-Free Accessibility for Coeliac Patients are mandatory
Background and Objective: Celiac disease (CD) requires lifelong adherence to a gluten‑free diet (GFD). However, the high cost and limited availability of gluten‑free (GF) products impose a significant economic and social burden on patients. This article proposes nutritional policy recommendations to alleviate these financial challenges. Material and Methods: This study is derived from a main research project previously published by Rahmanian et al., 2025 and a targeted literature search (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science). That original study involved a cross-sectional survey of 375 coeliac disease (CD) patients in Iran, collecting data on diagnostic delays, healthcare utilization, and associated costs. The present manuscript propose nutritional policies addressing gluten-free food accessibility and economic burdens, supplemented by a review of policy measures from selected countries and Iran-specific challenges. Results and Conclusion: GF products are two to five times more expensive than conventional equivalents due to specialized raw materials, dedicated production lines, quality control, and import dependence. This cost burden reduces dietary adherence, causes symptom recurrence, psychological stress, and social isolation, especially in low‑income families. In Iran, challenges include high costs, poor product variety, inadequate insurance, limited rural access, and weak labeling oversight. The high cost of GF foods seriously threatens the health and quality of life of CD patients. Therefore, key policy recommendations for Iran are: providing subsidies or insurance coverage for GF products, supporting domestic production through tax incentives and facilities for knowledge‑based companies, strict monitoring of labeling and prevention of cross‑contamination via mandatory national regulations, public education and training for staff in restaurants, schools, and public facilities, and empowering patients through nutritional counseling and encouraging home‑grinding of raw materials. Implementing these policies is not only a medical necessity but also a matter of social justice and equitable access to health. Keywords: Celiac disease; Gluten‑free diet; Nutritional policy; Food insecurity; Gluten‑free products; Economic burden; Quality of life; Iran Introduction and statement of the problem Coeliac disease (CD), an immune-mediated inflammation to gluten (found in wheat, barley, and rye) affects the small bowel and can cause multiple symptoms, including chronic diarrhea, anemia, short stature, and abdominal discomfort [1]. The only treatment for CD is a strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). A lifelong GFD is not a voluntary lifestyle choice it is a necessity. However, the limited availability and high cost of a GFD pose significant challenges for patients [2]. In many countries, nutrition policy is used as a tool to support public health [3]. These policies may include food subsidies, support for domestic production, start gluten free (GF) legislation and monitoring for food labelling, and public education initiatives. For CD patients, the role of nutrition policy is indeed a necessity, as their treatment relies on GF-products that are more expensive and not always available, especially in rural areas. The aim of this article is to examine the role of nutritional policy in reducing the economic problems of CD patients and analyze the impact of GF-food prices on the quality of life of these patients. To maintain their health, individuals with CD must completely eliminate all gluten-containing foods from their diet. These requirements make them dependent on GF products, which are generally more expensive than conventional foods. The higher prices are mainly due to specialized production methods, the use of specific raw materials, limited production volumes, and the rigorous quality control measures necessary to prevent cross-contamination [4]. In many countries, especially in low-middle-income countries, limited local production of GF-(packaged) products and reliance on imports have driven up their final cost. Consequently, many individuals with CD cannot afford to strictly adhere to a GFD. Failure to comply with a GFD can lead to malnutrition, anemia, osteoporosis, etc. and even an increased risk of certain cancers [4]. On the other hand, the lack of effective national support policies, such as insurance coverage, food subsidies, and price controls, places additional economic strain on families affected by CD. Therefore, the central issue of this article is how nutrition policy can help to reduce the cost of a GFD and improve the quality of life of CD patients. Methods This article is derived from a main research project previously published by Rahmanian et al., 2025 [4]. That original study involved a cross-sectional survey of 375 CD patients in Iran, collecting data on diagnostic delays, healthcare utilization, and associated costs. The present manuscript builds on that evidence to propose nutritional policies addressing gluten-free food accessibility and economic burdens, supplemented by a review of policy measures from selected countries and Iran-specific challenges. Also, other evidences were identified through a targeted search of peer-reviewed literature and relevant clinical guidelines in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented by hand-searching the reference lists of key papers. Results Market status of GF products In recent years, awareness of CD has increased the number of CD patients, leading to interest of food industry to produce GF products. Despite this growth, the price of these products remains significantly higher than that of conventional products (Table 1). For example, GF bread, biscuits and pasta can sometimes cost two to five times more than their regular counterparts. This price difference is due to several factors: * The high cost of uncontaminated raw materials such as rice, corn, oats, buckwheat or almond flour * Dedicated production lines to prevent cross-contamination * The cost of quality control testing to ensure GF standards are met * The fact that many of these GF-products are imported, due to the current lack of local producers As a result, families with CD spend too much of their household income on their GFD. Economic impact on patients' quality of life The high cost of a GFD not only creates financial problems but also leads to psychological and social consequences [4]. Many patients are unable to fully adhere a strict GFD due to financial limitations, which often results in the recurrence of symptoms and deterioration of their overall health. Some patients also experience limited access to suitable GF foods in social settings such as restaurants, visiting their friends and relatives, schools, or workplaces [5]. This lack of accessibility can lead to feelings of isolation and anxiety, interfering with their quality of life. In low-income families, having to choose between essential living expenses and purchasing GF foods creates significant psychological stress and financial strain. CD is not merely a medical condition, but also a significant economic and social challenge. Recent studies have indicated that food insecurity can reduce GFD quality and adherence to a GFD in patients with CD, highlighting the need for supportive interventions and effective policymaking [6, 7]. Challenges in Iran In Iran, although awareness of CD has increased compared to the past, several challenges remain. These include the high cost of CD products, poor quality and variety of GF foods, inadequate insurance coverage, and insufficient domestic production. Additionally, many patients in small towns, and especially rural areas lack adequate access to GF products. Poor labeling oversight and the cross-contamination in some products have also raised significant concerns for patients (4). Therefore, the need to develop comprehensive nutritional policies in our area is clearly evident. Health Policy Framework Nutritional policy can play an important role in reducing the challenges faced by individuals with CD. The most important policy measures include the following: A) Financial support and subsidies Governments can help ease the financial burden on patients by subsidizing GF products or by offering insurance coverage for part of their cost. In some countries, such as Italy and the United Kingdom, monthly allowances or vouchers are provided specifically for the purchase of GF foods, helping patients adhere more easily to their prescribed diet [8]. B) Supporting domestic production Encouraging the food industry to produce high-quality GF products can help reduce dependence on imports and lower the final price of these products. In this regard, providing tax incentives and supporting innovative or knowledge-based companies might be effective. C) Monitoring food labeling The absence of regulatory oversight means that cross‑contamination controls in bakeries, restaurants, and small‑scale production are inconsistent if any, underscoring the need for national‑wide harmonization of labelling standards to support safe and accurate dietary management for CD patients. The “gluten-free” label to inform patients is an important responsibility for regulatory bodies. D) Education and culture building Increasing public awareness of CD and the necessity of a GF diet can significantly improve the social conditions of patients. Furthermore, comprehensive staff training in restaurants, schools, and public facilities is essential to ensure safe dining and living environments for those affected. E) Patient empowerment Dietary counselling for the patient and their family is the cornerstone of effective treatment. It makes sense for patients to consider home grinding for GF raw material. Versatile, reliable grinding machines capable of handling raw materials are essential. Ultimately, addressing the nutritional needs of CD patients is not merely a medical necessity; it is a matter of social justice and the fundamental right to proper access to health. Authorities should be engaged to introduce legally binding food-labeling regulations regarding gluten content. Financial support for patients, improving and incentivizing local GF producers, monitoring of GF products, and increasing public awareness are the most important measures that can improve the quality of life of CD patients. The policy recommendations presented in this section are derived from the approved research project No. 43013851 with ethics code IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1404.010. Declarations 5.1. Acknowledgement This research was supported by Celiac Disease and Gluten-Related Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 43013851 Grant Number, approved ethic code IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1404.010. 5.2. Conflict of Interest All authors declare no conflict of interest. 5.3. Using chatbots Portions of this manuscript were edited for clarity and English-language style using an AI-assisted language tool (ChatGPT, OpenAI). The authors reviewed and revised all outputs and take full responsibility for the content. 5.4. Authors' Contributions Mohammed Rostami-Nejad: Conceptualization, Methodology, Original Draft Writing, and Preparation, Supervision, Funding Acquisition, Validation, and Project Administration. Chris J Mulder: Data Curation, Reviewing, and Editing.
Necessary Recommendations for Enhancing Food Quality through the Development of Biotechnology in Food Production
Background and Objective: Consumption of low-quality food threatens public health. Food biotechnology can improve quality, nutritional value, and safety. This study aims to provide policy recommendations for developing biotechnology in food production. Material and Methods: This policy brief reviewed scientific evidence, FAO/WHO reports, and experiences of leading countries (China, India, Brazil). Challenges such as population growth, water scarcity, waste, and climate change were analyzed. Biotechnological solutions (microorganisms, enzymes, fermentation, probiotics) were examined. Results and Conclusion: Biotechnology increases shelf life, nutritional value, and safety while reducing waste and energy consumption. Developed countries have improved productivity and exports through targeted investment. Main barriers include weak research infrastructure, lack of regulatory frameworks, and insufficient public education. Conclusion: Targeted development of food biotechnology is a strategic necessity. Policymakers should support knowledge-based companies, strengthen research and regulatory infrastructure, and provide public education to enable safe use of this technology, thereby reducing food dependency and contributing to public health and the knowledge-based economy. Keywords: Food Biotechnology, Food Quality Improvement, Functional Foods, Probiotics, Food Security, Policy Recommendations Introduction and statement of the problem The increasing consumption of low-quality food products has become a serious threat to public health and has intensified social challenges. Food biotechnology, as one of the most critical technologies of the 21st century, has significant potential to improve the quality, nutritional value, safety, and shelf life of food products. The application of microorganisms, enzymes, fermentation processes, genetic engineering, and particularly probiotics and functional foods, provides the foundation for producing healthier and more sustainable foods. However, contemporary society faces a series of structural and escalating challenges in the field of food security. The most significant among these include rapid population growth, limitations and depletion of water resources, dependency on imports of certain food additives and raw materials, increasing waste throughout the agricultural supply chain, declining productivity in the food industry, and the consequences of climate change and global food crises. These challenges underscore the urgent need for innovative and sustainable solutions such as biotechnology, provided that their development is accompanied by scientific evidence, regulatory oversight, risk assessment, and further research to ensure safe and effective implementation. Methods This study was conducted as a policy brief using a review-analytical approach. Data and information were gathered through systematic searches in reputable scientific databases (e.g., Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect) and reports from international organizations (FAO, WHO). The experiences of leading countries (China, India, Brazil) in the development of food biotechnology were also analyzed. Structural challenges of the food system (population growth, water scarcity, waste, climate change) were examined, and biotechnological solutions (microorganisms, enzymes, fermentation, probiotics, functional foods) were reviewed as the basis for formulating policy recommendations. For detailed methodology and baseline data, readers are referred to the original article number 52052. Findings Food biotechnology effectively increases product shelf life, reduces waste, and decreases energy consumption. The use of probiotics and functional foods not only improves public health but also reduces the economic burden of chronic diseases. Developed countries, through targeted investment in agricultural and food biotechnology (e.g., China, India, Brazil), have achieved higher productivity, reduced food dependency, and increased their share of global markets. Despite the existence of numerous standards, the continued prevalence of foodborne diseases indicates that the simultaneous application of advanced biotechnological technologies and innovative approaches in safety assessment remains essential. Main barriers to the development of food biotechnology in resource-limited countries include: weak research infrastructure, lack of efficient regulatory frameworks, insufficient public education, and hidden costs resulting from unsustainable agricultural practices (including environmental degradation and intensified climate change). POLICY National Priority Setting: The development of food biotechnology (including fermentation, microorganisms, enzymes, probiotics, and functional foods) should be considered a main policy priority within the national food system. Support for Knowledge-Based Companies:Provide financial facilities, export incentives, and strengthen research and development infrastructure. Strengthening Regulatory Frameworks and Risk Assessment:Develop evidence-based quality standards and ensure strict monitoring of their implementation. Public and Professional Education:Enhance social acceptance and consumer trust through transparent communication regarding the safety and benefits of food biotechnology. Integration of Economic, Environmental, and Health Considerations:Incorporate these dimensions into macro-level planning to ensure safe, sustainable, and cost-effective development of biotechnology. Knowledge-Based Export Development:Produce high-quality biological products in accordance with international standards to increase foreign exchange revenues and strengthen the knowledge-based economy.
Suggestions for Improving Fermentation Processes in the Food Industry
Background and Objective: Fermentation is an important food biotechnology process that improves food preservation, nutritional quality, and sensory characteristics. Fermented dairy products, particularly yoghurt, have been associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and host metabolism. However, the molecular consequences of these changes remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to evaluate the potential biological effects of fermented food consumption and propose policy recommendations to support future research and innovation in food biotechnology. Material and Methods: Evidence was collected from published transcriptomic and systems biology studies investigating the effects of yoghurt consumption on host molecular pathways. Gene expression, protein interaction, and functional enrichment analyses were reviewed to identify biological processes potentially affected by fermented dairy products. Results and Conclusion: Available evidence suggests that yoghurt consumption may influence gut microbiota composition, metabolic activity, and host gene expression. Functional analyses indicate potential effects on pathways related to cellular metabolism and iron homeostasis. Although fermented dairy products are generally considered safe and beneficial, the long-term biological significance of these molecular changes remains unclear. Therefore, further research is needed to clarify the relationship between fermented food consumption, gene regulation, and physiological health outcomes. Policy recommendations include supporting molecular nutrition research, optimizing fermentation technologies, and evaluating complementary food-processing approaches to strengthen evidence-based dietary guidance and innovation in food biotechnology. Keywords: Acidified milk, Fermentation, Gene expression, Network analysis, Yoghurt Introduction and statement of the problem Fermentation is a biotechnological process in the food industry that contributes to food preservation and improves the sensory, nutritional, and functional characteristics of food products. The production of yoghurt through fermentation leads to alterations in the chemical and nutritional properties of the milk matrix [1]. Evidence indicates that consumption of fermented dairy products may influence human physiology through interactions with the gut microbiota. Also, studies have demonstrated that yoghurt consumption is associated with a transition in gut microbial composition and metabolic profiles that show a potential role of fermented products in regulating biological processes relevant to human health [2]. Furthermore, microbiota-associated metabolic alterations can change molecular pathways and gene regulation mechanisms involved in health and disease [3]. Ceruloplasmin is a kind of molecule involved in metabolic regulation that plays a critical role in maintaining systemic iron homeostasis through its ferroxidase activity and regulation of iron transport [4]. In addition, alterations in ceruloplasmin function have been associated with several neurodegen-erative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Wilson’s disease [5]. Therefore, a comprehen-sive understanding of the biological consequ-ences of food biotechnology applications, particularly fermentation-based processes, is important for evaluating both their potential health benefits and possible adverse effects. Fermentation is employed in the food industry and is considered a safe and beneficial biotechnological approach for improving food preservation, nutritional quality, and sensory characteristics, and for sustaining processed products [6]. Fermented foods improve gastro-intestinal health, nutrient bioavailability, and microbial balance within the host [7]. Consequently, fermented food products, such as yoghurt, are regarded as health-promoting dietary components worldwide. Food-derived microbial products and alterations in gut microbiota composition may influence host molecular pathways, including metabolic and gene regulatory mechanisms [8]. However, the long-term biological consequences of these changes remain insuffici-ently understood. In addition, potential effects on key physiological systems such as iron homeostasis and neurological function require further investigation [4, 5]. This limited understanding of the molecular effects of fermented food consumption represents an important challenge in food biotechnology and public health research. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify the interaction between fermentation-derived products and human molecular pathways to support evidence-based dietary recommendations and optimize both benefits and safety. METHODS Whole-blood gene expression data from individuals who consumed yoghurt and acidified milk were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using GEO2R analysis. Significant DEGs were further analyzed through protein–protein interaction (PPI) network construction using the STRING database and Cytoscape software to identify critical genes and molecular interactions. Functional enrichment and gene ontology analyses were performed to determine the biological processes associated with the identified genes. The resulting molecular pathways were evaluated to investigate the potential biological effects of yoghurt consumption compared with acidified milk [9]. Results Evidence suggests that yoghurt consumption may be associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and host metabolic activity, indicating potential interactions between fermented foods and systemic biological processes [2, 10]. Although these effects are generally considered beneficial, the downstream molecular consequences remain incompletely understood. Neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders are linked to alterations in ceruloplasmin function [4, 11]. Animal models further suggest that ceruloplasmin deficiency may be associated with disturbances in brain iron regulation and metabolic imbalance; however, direct evidence linking yoghurt consumption to ceruloplasmin modulation in humans is currently lacking [11]. Gene expression analyses comparing yoghurt and acidified milk consumption identified differentially expressed genes associated with metabolic regulation and cellular homeostasis. Protein–protein interaction and gene ontology analyses highlighted biological processes related to the formation of translation initiation complexes yielding circularized ceruloplasmin mRNA in a closed-loop conformation and identified several interconnected genes, including RPSA, RPS5, RPS14, and PABPC1 [9]. These findings suggest that yoghurt consumption may influence specific gene expression pathways; however, the biological significance of these transcriptional changes and their potential implications for human health remain unclear. Even though fermented dairy products are considered safe and beneficial, additional studies are needed to clarify their potential influence on molecular networks and gene expression profiles and to support evidence-based dietary recommendations. Health Policy Framework The following recommendations are proposed to clarify the benefits and potential biological implications of fermentation in the food industry: It is recommended to design and perform systematic studies evaluating the molecular effects of fermented food consumption, including gene expression profiling under different dietary intake patterns. Further research is suggested to optimize fermentation processes through the controlled addition or modification of bioactive components in fermented food products to enhance safety and nutritional quality. Alternative food processing strategies, including physical and chemical approaches such as acidification, may be investigated as complementary or alternative methods for producing safe and high-quality food products. CONVERT TO POLICY Fermentation is recognized as a safe and advantageous biotechnological process in the food industry. The consumption of fermented products may be associated with changes in host gene expression, highlighting a potential need for further investigation into their systemic biological effects. Moreover, a more profound understanding of fermentation-related molecular interactions is essential for evaluating both the benefits and long-term implications of fermented food consumption.