Affective Norms for 362 Persian Words
Social Determinants of Health,
Vol. 2 No. 1 (2016),
21 October 2016
,
Page 8-14
https://doi.org/10.22037/sdh.v2i1.13510
Abstract
Background: During the past two decades, a great deal of research has been conducted on developing affective norms for words in various languages, showing that there is an urgent need to create such norms in Persian language, too. The present study intended to develop a set of 362 Persian words rated according to their emotional valence, arousal, imageability, and familiarity so as to prepare the ground for further research on emotional word processing. This was the first attempt to set affective norms for Persian words in the realm of emotion.
Methods: Prior to the study, a multitude of words were selected from Persian dictionary and academic books in Persian literature. Secondly, three independent proficient experts in the Persian literature were asked to extract the suitable words from the list and to choose the best (defined as grammatically correct and most often used). The database normalization process was based on the ratings by a total of 88 participants using a 9-point Likert scale. Each participant evaluated about 120 words on four different scales.
Results: There were significant relationships between affective dimensions and some psycholinguistic variables. Also, further analyses were carried out to investigate the possible relationship between different features of valences (positive, negative, and neutral) and other variables included in the dataset.
Conclusion: These affective norms for Persian words create a useful and valid dataset which will provide researchers with applying standard verbal materials as well as materials applied in other languages, e.g. English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc.
- Affective ratings
- Valence
- Arousal
- Imageability
How to Cite
References
Marchewka A, Zurawski L, Jednorog K, Grabowska A. The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database. Behav Res Methods. 2014;46(2):596-610.
Belin P, Fillion-Bilodeau S, Gosselin F. The Montreal Affective Voices: a validated set of nonverbal affect bursts for research on auditory affective processing. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40(2):531-9.
Moors A, De Houwer J, Hermans D, Wanmaker S, van Schie K, Van Harmelen AL, et al. Norms of valence, arousal, dominance, and age of acquisition for 4,300 Dutch words. Behav Res Methods. 2013;45(1):169-77.
Soares AP, Comesana M, Pinheiro AP, Simoes A, Frade CS. The adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for European Portuguese. Behav Res Methods. 2012;44(1):256-69.
Yang W, Ding Z, Dai T, Peng F, Zhang JX. Attention Bias Modification training in individuals with depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2015;49(Pt A):101-11.
Sutton TM, Altarriba J. Emotion words in the mental lexicon: A new look at the emotional Stroop effect. Ment Lex. 2008;3(1):29-46.
Huang YM, Baddeley A, Young AW. Attentional capture by emotional stimuli is modulated by semantic processing. J Exp Psychol-Hum Percept Perform. 2008;34(2):328.
Ferré P, García T, Fraga I, Sánchez-Casas R, Molero M. Memory for emotional words in bilinguals: Do words have the same emotional intensity in the first and in the second language? Cogn Emot. 2010;24(5):760-85.
Russell JA. Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychol Rev. 2003;110(1):145-72.
Barrett LF, Russell JA. The structure of current affect controversies and emerging consensus. Curr Dir Psychol. 1999;8(1):10-4.
Osgood CE, Suci GJ, Tannenbaum PH. The measurement of meaning. 1957.
Kissler J, Assadollahi R, Herbert C. Emotional and semantic networks in visual word processing: insights from ERP studies. Prog Brain Res. 2006;156:147-83.
Russell JA. Culture and the categorization of emotions. Psychol Bull. 1991;110(3):426-50.
Kousta ST, Vigliocco G, Vinson DP, Andrews M, Del Campo E. The representation of abstract words: why emotion matters. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2011;140(1):14-34.
Huang HW, Lee CL, Federmeier KD. Imagine that! ERPs provide evidence for distinct hemispheric contributions to the processing of concrete and abstract concepts. Neuroimage. 2010;49(1):1116-23.
Altarriba J, Bauer LM, Benvenuto C. Concreteness, context availability, and imageability ratings and word associations for abstract, concrete, and emotion words. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 1999;31(4):578-602.
Altarriba J, Bauer LM. The distinctiveness of emotion concepts: A comparison between emotion, abstract, and concrete words. Am J Psychol. 2004:389-410.
Kanske P, Kotz SA. Concreteness in emotional words: ERP evidence from a hemifield study. Brain Res. 2007;1148:138-48.
Vigliocco G, Vinson DP, Druks J, Barber H, Cappa SF. Nouns and verbs in the brain: a review of behavioural, electrophysiological, neuropsychological and imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(3):407-26.
Bradley MM, Lang PJ. Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical report C-1, the center for research in psychophysiology, University of Florida, 1999.
Stevenson RA, Mikels JA, James TW. Characterization of the affective norms for English words by discrete emotional categories. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(4):1020-4.
Võ ML, Jacobs AM, Conrad M. Cross-validating the Berlin affective word list. Behav Res Methods. 2006;38(4):606-9.
Võ ML, Conrad M, Kuchinke L, Urton K, Hofmann MJ, Jacobs AM. The Berlin affective word list reloaded (BAWL-R). Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(2):534-8.
Kanske P, Kotz SA. Leipzig Affective Norms for German: a reliability study. Behav Res Methods. 2010;42(4):987-91.
Lahl O, Göritz AS, Pietrowsky R, Rosenberg J. Using the World-Wide Web to obtain large-scale word norms: 190,212 ratings on a set of 2,654 German nouns. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(1):13-9.
Redondo J, Fraga I, Padron I, Comesana M. The Spanish adaptation of ANEW (affective norms for English words). Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(3):600-5.
Eilola TM, Havelka J. Affective norms for 210 British English and Finnish nouns. Behav Res Methods. 2010;42(1):134-40.
Monnier C, Syssau A. Affective norms for French words (FAN). Behav Res Methods. 2014;46(4):1128-37.
Montefinese M, Ambrosini E, Fairfield B, Mammarella N. The adaptation of the affective norms for English words (ANEW) for Italian. Behav Res Methods. 2014;46(3):887-903.
Imbir KK. Affective norms for 1,586 Polish words (ANPW): Duality-of-mind approach. Behav Res Methods. 2015;47(3):860-70.
Ferre P, Guasch M, Moldovan C, Sanchez-Casas R. Affective norms for 380 Spanish words belonging to three different semantic categories. Behav Res Methods. 2012;44(2):395-403.
Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. 1996;1:82.
Bradley MM, Lang PJ. Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. Cognitive neuroscience of emotion. 2000;25:49-59.
Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Culthbert BN. International affective digitized sounds (IADS): Stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings (Tech. Rep. No. B-2). The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida, USA. 1999.
Dueñas CP, Acosta A, Megías JL, Castillo JL. Evaluación de las dimensiones de valencia, activación, frecuencia subjetiva de uso y relevancia para la ansiedad, la depresión y la ira de 238 sustantivos en una muestra universitaria. Psicológica. 2010;31(2):241-73.
Fraga I, Perea M, Redondo J, Vila MC. Estudio normativo del valor afectivo de 478 palabras españolas. Psicológica. 2005;26(2):317-26.
Moltó J, Montañés S, Gil RP, Segarra P, Verchili MC, Irún MP, Ramírez I, Hernández MA, Sánchez M, Fernández MC, Vila J. Un método para el estudio experimental de las emociones: el International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Adaptación española. Revista de psicología general y aplicada: Revista de la Federación Española de Asociaciones de Psicología. 1999;52(1):55-87.38.
Fernández-Abascal EG, Guerra P, Martínez F, Domínguez FJ, Egea DA, Martín MD, et al. El sistema internacional de sonidos afectivos (IADS): adaptación española. Psicothema. 2008;20(1):104-13.
Citron FM, Weekes BS, Ferstl EC. How are affective word ratings related to lexicosemantic properties? Evidence from the Sussex Affective Word List. Appl Psycholinguist. 2014;35(02):313-31.
Gernsbacher MA. Resolving 20 years of inconsistent interactions between lexical familiarity and orthography, concreteness, and polysemy. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1984;113(2):256.
Larsen RJ, Mercer KA, Balota DA. Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments. Emotion. 2006;6(1):62.
Kousta ST, Vinson DP, Vigliocco G. Emotion words, regardless of polarity, have a processing advantage over neutral words. Cognition. 2009;112(3):473-81.
- Abstract Viewed: 818 times
- PDF Downloaded: 297 times