Biotechnology: Two Decades of Experimentation with Genetically Modified Foods
Applied Food Biotechnology,
Vol. 3 No. 4 (2016),
1 October 2016
,
Page 228-235
https://doi.org/10.22037/afb.v3i4.11523
Abstract
Background and Objective: Over the recent years, genetically modified food in varieties of corn, soybeans, canola and cotton have been introduced to the global market. This study reviews the health and nutritional value of genetically modified foods in the past two decades.
Results and Conclusions: Contrary to the present biotechnological claims, transgenic products did not prove to be so flawless, and actually failed to maintain social satisfaction. Genetically modified foods could not gain an increase in the yield potential. Planting natural products and genetically modified products in parallel lines will absolutely result in genetic infection from the side of genetically modified foods. One of the major anxieties of the anti- genetically modified foods activism is the claim that genetically modified crops would alter the consumable parts of the plant quality and safety. Genetically modified foods have shown to have inadequate efficiency and potential adverse effects in both fields of health and biodiversity. This review has presented studies of genetically modified foods performances in the past two decades, and concludes that the wide application and the over generalization of genetically modified foods are not fundamentally recommended.
Conflict of interest: Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- GMOs
- Herbicides
- GMO yield
- Genetic engineering
- Safety
How to Cite
References
European Parliament and Council. Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Off J Eur Communities. 2001:1–38.
Craddock N. Flies in the soup-European GM labeling legislation. Nat Biotechnol.2004: 22(4): 383-4.
Marillonnet S, Klimyuk V, Gleba YEncoding technical information in GM organisms. Nat Biotechnol.2003: 21(3): 224-6.
Weis P .Genetic modification. Europe prepares for arrival of GM foods. 2002: 13;298(5601): 2109-10.
Hino A. Safety assessment and public concerns for genetically modified food products: the Japanese experience. Toxicol Pathol. 2002: 30(1): 126-8.
Then C, Bauer-Panskus A. European Food Safety Authority: A playing field for the biotech industry. Testbiotech; 2010. Available at: http://www.testbiotech.de/en/node/431.
Bennett, R., Phipps, R., Strange, A., and Grey, P. 2004. Environmental and human health impacts of growing genetically modified herbicide-tolerant sugar beet: a life-cycle assessment. Plant Biotechnol J. 2: 273-278.
Delaney B. Strategies to evaluate the safety of bioengineered foods. Int J Toxicol.2007: 26(5):389-99.
Selgrade MK, Kimber I, Goldman L, Germolec DR. Assessment of allergenic potential of genetically modified foods: an agenda for future research. Environ Health Perspect. 2003: 111(8): 1140-1.
Devos Y, Reheul D, De Schrijver A. The co-existence between transgenic and nontransgenic maize in the European Union: a focus on pollen flow and cross-fertilization. Environ Biosafety Res.2005: 4(2): 71-87.
Quist D, Chapela IH. Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico. Nature. 2001;414:541-543.
Malatesta M, Biggiogera M, Manuali E, Rocchi MBL, Baldelli B, Gazzanelli G. Fine structural analyses of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Eur J Histochem. 2003;47:385–388.
Rosi-Marshall EJ, Tank JL, Royer TV, et al. Toxins in transgenic crop byproducts may affect headwater stream ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:16204-8.
Malatesta M, Caporaloni C, Gavaudan S, et al. Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of hepatocyte nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Cell Struct Funct. 2002;27:173–80.
Séralini GE, Clair E, Mesnage R, et al. Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Environmental Sciences Europe 2014;26:14
Waltz E. Under wraps – Are the crop industry’s strong-arm tactics and close-fisted attitude to sharing seeds holding back independent research and undermining public acceptance of transgenic crops? Nat Biotechnol. 2009;27(10):880–882.
Maghari, B. M., Ardekani, A. M. Genetically modified foods and social concerns. Avicenna journal of medical biotechnology,2011: 3(3), 109.
Benbrook C. Evidence of the magnitude and consequences of the Roundup Ready soybean yield drag from university-based varietal trials in 1998: Ag BioTech InfoNet Technical Paper Number 1. Sandpoint, Idaho; 1999. Available at: http://www.mindfully.org/GE/RRS-Yield-Drag.htm.
Elmore RW, Roeth FW, Nelson LA, et al. Glyphosate-resistant soyabean cultivar yields compared with sister lines. Agron J. 2001;93:408-412.
Ma BL, Subedi KD. Development, yield, grain moisture and nitrogen uptake of Bt corn hybrids and their conventional near-isolines. Field Crops Res. 2005;93:199-211.
Fernandez-Cornejo J, McBride WD. The adoption of bioengineered crops. Agricultural Economic Report No. 810. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture; 2002. Available at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer810/aer810.pdf.
Fernandez-Cornejo J, Wechsler S, Livingston M, Mitchell L. Genetically engineered crops in the United States. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture; 2014. Available at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications.
.University of Canterbury. GM a failing biotechnology in modern agro-ecosystems [press release]. 2013. Available at: http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php/news/rss/14802.
Schrøder M, Poulsen M, Wilcks A, et al. A 90-day safety study of genetically modified rice expressing Cry1Ab protein (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin) in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45:339-49.
Trabalza-Marinucci M, Brandi G, Rondini C, et al. A three-year longitudinal study on the effects of a diet containing genetically modified Bt176 maize on the health status and performance of sheep. Livest Sci. 2008;113:178–190.
Séralini GE, Mesnage R, Clair E, Gress S, de Vendômois JS, Cellier D. Genetically modified crops safety assessments: Present limits and possible improvements. Environ Sci Eur. 2011;23.
Yum HY, Lee SY, Lee KE, Sohn MH, Kim KE. Genetically modified and wild soybeans: an immunologic comparison. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2005;26:210-6.
Aris A, Leblanc S. Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada. Reprod Toxicol. 2011;31.
Mesnage R, Defarge N, de Vendomois JS, Séralini GE. Major pesticides are more toxic to human cells than their declared active principles. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014.
Marc J, Mulner-Lorillon O, Belle R. Glyphosate-based pesticides affect cell cycle regulation. Biol Cell. 2004;96:245-9. 72.Mañas F, Peralta L, Raviolo J, et al. Genotoxicity of AMPA, the environmental metabolite of glyphosate, assessed by the Comet assay and cytogenetic tests. Ecotoxicol Env Saf. 2009;72:834-7.
Hardell L, Eriksson M, Nordstrom M. Exposure to pesticides as risk factor for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia: pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43:1043-9.
Benbrook C. Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the US – The first sixteen years. Environ Sci Eur. 2012;24. doi:10.1186/2190-4715-24-24.
Howard P. Visualizing consolidation in the global seed industry: 1996–2008. Sustainability. 2009;1:1266-1287.
Benbrook CM. Rust, resistance, run down soils, and rising costs – Problems facing soybean producers in Argentina. Technical Paper No 8. AgBioTech InfoNet; 2005. Available at: http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/rust-resistence-run-down-soi.pdf.
Zanatta M. Avanço da soja transgênica amplia uso de glifosato. Valor Econômico. 2007. Available at: http://www.seagri.ba.gov.br/noticias.asp?qact=view&exibir=clipping¬id=9931.
Knispel AL, McLachlan SM, Van Acker RC, Friesen LF. Gene flow and multiple herbicide resistance in escaped canola populations. Weed Sci. 2008;56:72–80.
Gassmann AJ, Petzold-Maxwell JL, Keweshan RS, Dunbar MW. Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by Western corn GMO Myths and Truths 250 rootworm. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e22629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022629.
Wang S, Just DR, Pinstrup-Andersen P. Bt-cotton and secondary pests. Int J Biotechnol. 2008;10:113–121.
Gray M. Western corn rootworm resistance to Bt corn confirmed in more Illinois counties. Aces News. http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/news/stories/news5903.html. Published April 7, 2014.
Kremer RJ. Glyphosate affects soybean root exudation and rhizosphere microorganisms. Int J Anal Environ Chem. 2005;85:1165–1174
Fernandez MR, Zentner RP, Basnyat P, Gehl D, Selles F, Huber D. Glyphosate associations with cereal diseases caused by Fusarium spp. in the Canadian prairies. Eur J Agron. 2009;31:133–143.
Diaz-Llano G, Smith TK. Effects of feeding grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins with and without a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent on reproductive performance and serum chemistry of pregnant gilts. J Anim Sci. 2006;84(9):2361-6. doi:10.2527/jas.2005-699.
Lusk, J. L., House, L. O., Valli, C., Jaeger, S. R., Moore, M., Morrow, J. L., & Traill, W. B. Effect of information about benefits of biotechnology on consumer acceptance of genetically modified food: evidence from experimental auctions in the United States, England, and France. European review of agricultural economics,2004: 31(2), 179-204.
Costa-Font, M., Gil, J. M., & Traill, W. B. Consumer acceptance, valuation of and attitudes towards genetically modified food: Review and implications for food policy. Food policy,2008: 33(2), 99-111.
Gómez-Barbero M, Rodríguez-Cerezo E. Economic impact of dominant GM crops worldwide: A review. European Commission Joint Research Centre: Institute for Prospective Technological Studies; 2006. Available at: http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/eur22547en.pdf.
Haq Z. Ministry blames Bt cotton for farmer suicides. Hindustan Times. http://bit.ly/IrPRRZ. Published March 26, 2012.
Howard P. Visualizing consolidation in the global seed industry: 1996–2008. Sustainability. 2009;1:1266-1287.
Howard P. Visualizing consolidation in the global seed industry: 1996–2008. Sustainability. 2009;1:1266-1287.
Neuman W. Rapid rise in seed prices draws US scrutiny. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/12/business/12seed.html?_r=1. Published March 11, 2010.
Greenpeace. Children and infants in China at risk of eating food contaminated by illegal GE rice. http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/press/releases/food-agriculture/2011/ge-rice-baby-food/. Published April 20, 2011.
Greenpeace and GeneWatch UK. Germany finds unauthorised genetically modified (Bt63) rice noodles. GM Contamination Register. http://bit.ly/1nEKmEO. Published June 15, 2011.
Greenpeace and GeneWatch UK. Sweden finds unauthorised genetically modified (Bt63) rice. GM Contamination Register. http://bit.ly/1kXDCSP. Published June 27, 2011.
New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA). Unauthorised GM rice product found and withdrawn. http://www.foodsafety.govt.nz/elibrary/industry/Unauthorised_Rice-Zealand_Food.htm. Published July 30, 2008.
Organic Agriculture Protection Fund Committee. Organic farmers seek Supreme Court hearing. 2007. Available at: http://bit.ly/1iGdQla.
Netherwood T, Martin-Orue SM, O’Donnell AG, et al. Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22:204–209.
Pontiroli A, Simonet P, Frostegard A, Vogel TM, Monier JM. Fate of transgenic plant DNA in the environment. Env Biosaf Res. 2007;6:15-35.
Konig, A., Cockbum, B., Crevel, P. W. R., Dbruyne, E., Grafstroem, R., Hammerling, U., Kimber,. I., Knusden, I., Kuiper, H. A., Poulsen, M., Schauzu, M., and Wal, J. M. Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Food Chem Toxicol,2004: (42) 1047-1088.
Mallarkey, T. 2003. Human health concerns with GM crops. Mut Res. 544: 217-221.
Bellaloui, N., Reddy, K., Zablotowicz, R. M., and Mengistu, A. Simulated glyphosate drift influences nitrate assimilation and nitrogen fixation in non-glyphosate-resistant soybean. J Agri Food Chem.2006: (54) 3357-3364.
Brookes, G., and Barfoot, P. Global impact of biotech crops: Socio-economic and environmental effects in the first ten years of commercial use. AgBioForum. 2006: (9)139-151.
Otsuka Y. Socioeconomic considerations relevant to the sustainable development, use and control of genetically modified foods. Trends in Food science & Technology,2003: (14) 294–318.
Yum HY, Lee SY, Lee KE, Sohn MH, Kim KE. Genetically modified and wild soybeans: an immunologic comparison. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2005;26:210-6.
Nordlee JA, Taylor SL, Townsend JA, Thomas LA, Bush RK. Identification of a Brazil-nut allergen in transgenic soybeans. N Engl J Med.1996;334:688-92.
Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosate’s suppression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and amino acid biosynthesis by the gut microbiome: Pathways to modern diseases. Entropy. 2013;15:1416-1463.
Mazza R, Soave M, Morlacchini M, Piva G, Marocco A. Assessing the transfer of genetically modified DNA from feed to animal tissues. Transgenic Res. 2005;14:775–84.
Bohme, H., Aulrich, K., Daenicke, R, and Flachowsky, G. Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition. 2nd communication: Glufosinate tolerant sugar beet (roots and silage) and maize grains for ruminants and pigs. Arch Anim Nutrit.2001: (54) 197-207.
- Abstract Viewed: 2630 times
- PDF Downloaded: 1632 times